Anemia Flashcards
Define anemia
Reduced hemoglobin conc below the normal expected value for age , gender, pregnancy, environment e.g high altitude
Anemia is classified based on
Morphology red cell indices
Aetiology
Degree
Classify anemia based on aetiology
Decrease my production of RBC
Malignancy : acute leukemia, Lymphoma
Metabolic disturbances: infections
Nutritional deficiency:iron, B12, folate
Marrow failure : aplastic anemia
The compensatory mechanism to acute blood loss include
Increased ventilation
Compensatory circulation
Alteration in plasma volume
Synthesis of plasma protein
Changes in oxygen dissociation curve
Hormonal changes
Hormones that respond to active blood loss include
Vasopressin 2 roles
Aldosterone
Erythropoietin
Adrenal steroids
Catecholamines
Conditions that results in overhydration which further results in apparent anemia include
Splenomegaly
Pregnancy
IVF infusion
Which classification of anemia is the most useful in the diagnosis of anemia
Morphological
Macrocytic anemia is divided into
Megaloblastic B12 and FOLATE deficiency
Non megaloblastic Alcohol,liver dx ,Aplastic anemia
Microcytic hypochlorite anemia is characterised by MCV &MCH of ………
> 76fl
27pg
At what level of hb conc do you see signs and symptoms in mild anemia
10g/dL
The three factors that determine the clinical presentation of anemia include
Time of occurrence
Severity of the anemia
Age
The signs of anemia include
Tachycardia
Cardiomegaly
Heart failure
Systolic heart flow murmur
Tender Hepatemegaly
Pallor of mucous membrane
Bounding pulse
List the symptoms of anemia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Poor concentration
Visual disturbances due to hemorrhage in retina in severe cases
Shortness of breath particularly during exercise
Palpitations
Some basic examination for anemia
Stool microscopy
Stool for occult blood
Bone marrow examination
Iron tracing of Bone marrow
Full bound count
Blood film examination
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
Explain the molecular basis of sideroblastic anemia
Congenital or acquired
X- linked trait
Common in makes
Occurs as a result of mutation to the gene that codes for ALAS 2.
Resulting in deficiency of the enzyme
Sideroblastic anemia is detected when ……….. % of rbc are sideroblastic
15%
Why is iron largely unavailable to humans
Due to the insolubility of ferric iron
