Anemia Flashcards by Rahaf Shook

Define anemia

Reduction in the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood below the lower limit of normal for a particular age and sex of an individual in a particular environment

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What’s the normal value of hemoglobin in male and female?

13.5 - 17.5
11.5 - 15.5

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Difference between MCV MCH and MCHC

MCV is the measure of average volume of RBCs
MCH is a measurement of the average weight of hemoglobin in individual erythrocytes
MCHC is the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes

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Define Red cell distributiom width

It is a measure of variability of erythrocyte sizs

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Why would we use RDW?

RDW is used because MCV is less reliable in describing the erythrocyte population when considerable variation in erythrocyte size occurs

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What’s the normal value of RDW?

Normal value:11.5-14.5%

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Increased value of RDW indicates?

ANISOCYTOSIS

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Combination of low MCV and high RDW indicates

Iron deficiency anemia

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RDW is normal in which kind of anemia?

Thalassaemia minor

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Which have more MCV Rbcs or Reticulocytes?

Reticulocytes

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Define Reticulocytes

Premature RBCs and contain remnants of RibosomalRNA

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In case of iron therapy the most effictive test in monitoring it is

reticulocytes test

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Elevated hematocrit causes (Name 4)

Dengue fever
Polycythemia vera
COPD
Hemolyticanemias

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Low hematocrit causes

Iron deficiency anemia
Leukemia

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False Low hematocrit causes

Hemodilution
Volumeoverload
pregnancy

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False high hematocrit causes

Dehydration
Burn spatient
Severe vomiting
If Sample is not mixed properly

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Anemia is classified into two classifications. Name them

Kinetic Classification of Anemia
Morphologic Classification of Anemia

What are the Kinetic Classifications of Anemia

Blood loss
Decreased production
Excessive RBCs destruction

What are the morphological classification of anemia

Normocytic Normochromic
Microcytic Hypochromic
Macrocytic

Causes of Microcytic and Hypochromic Anemias

1- Iron Deficiency Anemia
2-Thalassaemias
3-Anaemia of Chronic Disorder
4-Sideroblastic Anemia

Causes of Normocytic and Normochromic Anaemias

Many Hemolytic Anemia
Anemia of Chronic Diseases
Acute blood loss
Mixed Deficiency Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Bone marrow infiltration as in Lymphomas, Leukameias,etc

Causes of Macrocytic Anemias (Name the two types)

A- Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia:
Megaloblastic Anemia
B- Non megaloblastic Anameia:
1-Haemolytic Anemia
2-Liver Disease
3- Alcohol
4-Aplastic Anemia

In Non megaloblastic anemia what appears like Macrocytic cella

Reticulocytes will appear as Macrocytic cells

Anemia due to blood loss examples

Acute blood loss anemia
Chronic blood loss anemia

Anemias due to production faliure examples

Hematenic deficiency: Iron,Folic Acid and B12 deficiency - Anemia of chronic disorders: Infection, inflammation, neoplasia, renal failure - Marrow Hypoplasia: Aplastic Anaemia; Pure red cells Aplasia - Marrow Infiltration: Leukaemias, Lymphomas, , Myeloproliferative disorders, Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Anemias due to excessive RBCs destruction are classified into 2 groups

Intracarpuscular Defect (RBCs abnormalities) Extracarpuscular Defect (outside the blood cell)

Intracarpuscular Defect is classified into 2 groups name them with examples

- Congenital a. Red blood cells membrane defects: Hereditary Spherocytosis b. Enzyme defects: G.6PD Deficiency c. Haemoglobinopathies: Thalassaemia; Sickle Cell Anaemia - Aquired Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobuniria

Extracarpuscular Defect is classified into 2 groups name them with examples

1- Immune Hemolytic Anaemias: - Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia II. Non Immune: - Malaria - Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

Bone deformities occur in ……?

thalassaemia major

Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails) is seen in ……?

iron deficiency anameia

Leg ulcers are a feature of ……?

sickle cell anaemia

Mild jaundice may occur in ……?

haemolytic anaemia

Failure of protoporphyrin synthesis causes?

sideroblastic anaemia

Failure of globin synthesis causes?

Alpha or Beta Thalassaemia

iron release from macrophages to serum causes?

anaemia of chronic inflammation or malignancy

Chronic blood loss causes?

1- Uterine Bleeding: -Menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding). - Postmenopausal bleedin 2- Gastrointestinal Bleeding: - Peptic Ulcer - Bleeding Haemorrhoids - Hookworm infestation - Aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs ingestion

Increased iron demand of iron occurs during?

Increased iron demand during infancy, adolescence Pregnancy lactation and in menstruating women

Malabsorption causes?

Gluten Induced Enteropathy; Gastrectomy

Which patient shows Pica unusual dietary craving?

Iron deficiency

Labratory diagnosis of IDA (periheral blood)

I. Hemoglobin is decreased II. Red cells indices are decreased. III. Microcytic and Hypochromic red cell pencil shaped poikilocytes. IV. Platelet count is often moderately raised, particularly in cases of localized bleeding site (reactive thrombocytosis)

Labratory diagnosis of IDA (Biochemical Findings)

Serum iron is decreased TIBC is increased Serum Ferrritin is decreased Serum transferrin saturation is decreased

Labratory diagnosis of IDA (Bone Marrow Findings)

Erythroid Hyperplasia