Anemia Flashcards
Causes of anemia
Decreased RBC production
Blood loss
Increased RBC destruction
Treatment of anemia
Find cause of the bleeding
i. Transport oxygen (O2) from lungs to systemic tissues
ii. Carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
RBC function
How to diagnose Anemia
CBC Reticulocyte count (hyper-blood loss; hypo-deficiency) Peripheral blood smear (what type of blood cell)
Anemia causes by the body response to
hypoxia
Hgb levels
Female & Male
F: 12-16
M: 14-18
Mild anemia s/s
Mild fatigue
Palpitations
Dyspnea
Moderate anemia s/s
cardiac involvement & respiratory symptoms (w/ rest & activity)
Severe anemia s/s
Hgb less than 6 Murmur Tachycardia Intermittent claudication Blurry vision Spleen enlargement Sores in mouth
Anemia Integumentary manifestations
Pallor
Jaundice
Pruritus
Anemia cardiopulmonary manifestations
CO: increased HR & SV
Three changes in erythropoiesis may decrease RBC production
Decreased Hgb synthesis–iron deficiency
Defective DNA synthesis–colbalmin & folic acid
Diminished availability of erythrocyte precursors–stem cells
Iron-deficiency anemia Etiology
Inadequate dietary intake
Malabsorption
Blood loss
Iron-deficiency anemia clinical manifestations
Pallor-most common
Glossitis & Chelilitis
Iron-deficiency anemia lab findings
Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, reticulocytes, serum iron, TIBC, bilirubin, platelets, RBC, WBC
Stool occult blood test
Endoscopy/colonscopy
Albumin
Bone marrow biopsy
Bone marrow biopsy preprocedure
prone or sidelying
local anesthetic
Bone marrow biopsy postprocedure
apply pressure
maintain bed rest for 30-60 min
monitor for infection
Iron-Deficiency Anemia Interprofessional and Nursing Management
treat underlying problem Replace Iron (nutritionally therapy, iron supplements, transfusion of RBCs)
Assessment of Iron deficiency anemia
Reassess Hgb & RBC count (4-6 weeks)
Need to take supplement for 2-3mo after Hgb returns to normal
monitor liver problems
Complication of anemia
HF
due to increased demand on ♡ to provide oxygen
Decreased MCV, MCH, MCHC
Iron-deficiency anemia
Increased MCV
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folic Acid dependency
What deficiency in nutrients causes anemia?
Iron
Cobalamin
Folic Acid
what is produced by kidney/liver for anemia?
Erythropoietin (production of RBCs)
Hemolysis causes anemia what is in the category?
Sickle cell disease
RA
Lupis
B12; folic acid
Peripheral blood smear
Normocidic: small
Microsidic: smaller, pale
Macrosidic: larger
Severe anemic pts may have
roaring in their ears
What is often used to determine severity of anemia?
Hgb
Iron-deficiency malabsorption r/t
Gi surgery; since iron absorbs in the duodenum
What is increased for labs?
TIBC
RBC binding to iron
