Andy Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

what is a desease

A

Any disturbance brought about by a pathogen (organism which causes disease) or an environmental factor which interferes with manufacture, translocation, or utilisation of food, mineral nutrients, and water in such a way that the affected plant changes in appearance and/or yields less than a normal, healthy plant of the same variety

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

an organism capable of causing disease

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3
Q

Virulence

A

the degree of disease caused on a particular host

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4
Q

pathovar (pv.)

A

in bacteria, a sub-species/group of strains that infect a certain host

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5
Q

forma specialis (f.sp.)

A

in fungi, a group of races that infect certain plants within a genus or species

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6
Q

Koch’s Postulate

A
  1. The pathogen must always be present in the plants showing the disease
  2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture (or in test plants) and described
  3. On reintroduction into susceptible plants the same symptoms should be reproduced
  4. On re-isolation it is identical to that observed in 2.
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7
Q

tabtoxin

A

in pseudomonas syringe pv. tabaci. causing chlorotic halos around the lesion beyond the spread of the bacteria

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8
Q

Amilovoran

A

in erwinia amylovora. extracellular polysaccaride, attracts insects (vectors)

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9
Q

Puccinia graminis

A

Cereal rust. Very complex lifecycle: 5 spors, 2 hosts. Example for complexity of pathogens. And different mechanisms used to attack. I.e the 2 hosts in order to survivem

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10
Q

Avenucinase

A

Example for detoxification of host products. Stops the antifungal saponin from making pores in the fungal PM

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11
Q

Pathogenesis Related Proteins (PR)

A

New proteins in response to infection
5fam in tobacco: Antifungal peptides (alkaloid), glutanases, chitinases, antifungal peptides (acidic), protease inhibitors

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12
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Detecting pathogens

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13
Q

NBS-LRR

A

Nucleotide Binding site - leucine rich receptor - the receptors

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14
Q

Oxidative burst

A
Transient
Rapid
Production of H2O2
Superoxide anion
Oxidise membrane lipids
Trigger HR
Lipoxygenase - cell communication
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15
Q

Hypersensitive Response (HR)

A

Apoptosis (PCD)

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16
Q

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

A

Communication in the plant, switches on defence pathways in neighbouring tissue

17
Q

Signalling molecules

A
Systein
Aspirin
Methyl jasmonates
Ethylene 
>> plant cross talk
18
Q

Hypovirulence

A

Reduce the virulence of the established disease. In chestnut blight disease - fight with a dsRNA mycovirus, it transforms the way the fungi groews

19
Q

Mycoparasitic fungi

A

Sporidesmium sclerotivorum parasitize the sclerotia. Spray crop debris with that, which attacks the sclerotia reducing the inoculum for following seasons

20
Q

Active ingredients in fungicide

A

Carboxanilides: ATP synthesis complex 2
Pyrimidines: sterol 8-7 isomerse

21
Q

Fungicides

A
Spectrum: what pathogens are controlled
Potency: how much needs to be applied
Persistency: how many per season
Safety for the consumer and user
Safety for environment
22
Q

Chemical

A
Prophylactic - prevents infection
Curative - treat infection
Non-systematic - only local control
Systemic - transported throughout plan
"Plant tonic" - compound that increase the plant own normal defence pathways