androgens and anabolic steroids

Question 1

leydg cells are

Answer 1

interstitial cells responsible for the production of testosterone

Question 2

anabolic androgen steroids AAS

Answer 2

are steroid hormones
endogenous and synthetic
based on testosterone structure

testosterone, DHEA, androstenedione

Question 3

leydg cells lie

Answer 3

between the seminiferous tubules

Question 4

GnRH triggers

Answer 4

anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH

Question 5

LH

Answer 5

acts on leydig cells to produce testosterone

Question 6

FSH

Answer 6

acts on Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules to support spermatogenesis

and to secrete ABP - androgen binding protein

Question 7

secreted testosterone binds to

Answer 7

ABP

Question 8

testosterone effects

Answer 8

androgenic - masculinising - foetal male organ development, pubertal maturation, maintenance of sex characteristics, spermatogenesis
anabolic - growth stimulating - increased proton synthesis in growing tissues, maintenance of muscle and bone

Question 9

testosterone function in foetus/neonate

Answer 9

promote wolffian ducts to form epididymis/vas deferens/seminal vessicles
external genitalia

Question 10

5a-reductase

Answer 10

converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone DHT
more potent than testosterone
regulated maturation of external genitalia

Question 11

DHT also drives

Answer 11

prostate gland hypserplasia

Question 12

DHT mediates testosterone effects everywhere but the

Answer 12

testis - where testosterone concentration is much higher

Question 13

aromatase

Answer 13

converts testosterone 17b oestradiol
important for healthy motile sperm and bone
men who have an aromatase mutation are osteopaenic

Question 14

androgen receptor

Answer 14

ligands are testosterone and DHT 
gene encoding the androgen receptor is on the X chromosome 
widely expressed 
nucelar receptor 
DHT binds it more avidly

Question 15

androgen binding

Answer 15

homodimerisation of the receptors and nuclear translocation

Question 16

testosterone levels peak

Answer 16

in the morning

Question 17

androgen deficiency

Answer 17

male hypogonadism

clinical diagnosis confirmed by hormone assays

Question 18

primary hypogonadism

Answer 18

testicular problem - high LH, ls testosterone

sometimes chromosomal, cryptorchidism, trauma, chemo, radiotherapy

Question 19

secondary hypogonadism

Answer 19

low LH and testosterone
pituitary insufficiency - adenoma, surgery, trauma
kallman syndrome, prader-willi

Question 20

treatment of androgen deficiency

Answer 20

adrogen replacement therapy
for life
give testosterone esters

Question 21

testosterone esters

Answer 21

given by IM injection
bioconverted into testosterone
lasts 2-3 weeks
subcutaneous impacts, transdermal gels and patches

Question 22

contraindicated of androgen therapy

Answer 22

prostate cancer

breast cancer

Question 23

precautions of androgen replacement therapy

Answer 23

older men - urinary obstruction, libido
puberty - early epiphyseal closure, short stature
androgen sensitive epilepsy, migraine, polycythaemia
bleeding disorders

Question 24

misuse of AAS

Answer 24

prescribing androgens with no acceptable medical indication
eg.
adult male infertility - causes further suppression of spermatogenesis
erectile dysfunction - increase libido with no change in capacity
adrenopause - little to no benefit with CVS harm

Question 25

when should ART be prescribed

Answer 25

• testicular or hypothalamic-pituitary disorders with severe androgen deficiency
  other conditions involving partial androgen defieicny

Question 26

partial androgen deficiency

Answer 26

boys experiencing delayed onset of puberty
chronic conditions such as HIV/AIDS to reverse catabolic state
older men and post menopausal women for prevent bone and muscle loss

Question 27

andropause

Answer 27

menopause for men

androgen levels steadily decline in males as they age

Question 28

symptoms and signs of andropause

Answer 28

decrease muscle mass and strength
decreased bone mass and osteoporosis
increased central body fat
decreased libido

Question 29

abuse of AAS

Answer 29

use without legal prescription
increases muscle strength, repairs soft tissue micro injury
recover faster from workout

Question 30

who benefits more from testosterone abuse

Answer 30

women

Question 31

designer steroids

Answer 31

aim to maximise anabolic effects of AAS
ie. not converted to oestradiol (less feminising effects) or DHT (less androgenic effects)

not absolutely selective and high doses needed

Question 32

women staking steroids

Answer 32

hirsutism, decreased breast tissue and mensrtuation,

effects female foetuses during preganancy

Question 33

men taking steroids

Answer 33

acne
testicual atrophy and reduction in spermatogenesis
short stature in premature epiphyseal closure
mood disturbance, agression and cognition
dylipdameia and hypertension
polycythaemia
hapentitie and hepatic tumours

Question 34

cognitive effects of AAS

Answer 34

aggression, impulse control and roid rage

Question 35

CVS effects of AAS

Answer 35

difficult to identify users and unethical to conduct studies
adverse cardiovascular effects

Question 36

SARMS

Answer 36

selective androgen receptor modulators
stimulate anabolic effects without androgenic effects
developed to treat cancer related muscle less and osteoporosis