Andes Flashcards
What made up the norther area? how many rivers crossed it?
Peruvian coastal plain; 40 short rivers
Two poles of the Andean civilization developed:
N. coast of peru, S-central andes
___ Major centres developed. Where were the two largest?
4, Chacama-Moche and Motupe-Lambayeque
When did the Tiwanaku state flourish?
1AD
What brought the regions of the highlands and the coast together?
Religious beliefs
only ___% of the desert can be farmed
10
Major changes occured when maize was introduced and irrigation developed around _____
2500BC
What provided sufficient calories of rapid community growth?
unique maritime resources; 60% of carrying capacity of 6.5mill ppl supported
What foods were traded between the highlands and the coast?
fish and seaweed for carbohydrate foods
What led to dense pop’ns? What lead to new economies?
Reliance on maritime resources; irrigation, maize, and trade
Coastal pop’ns relied on the ocean for ____% of subsistence
90%
When were there sedentary villages of several hundred people along the N coast? What is this site called?
2500-1800BC; Huaca Prieta
When do we see cotton weaving and a wave of monumental construction? Textiles were important and distinctive b/w coast and highlands
Initial Period
Where were the first complex societies on the coast? When?
Caral; 5000yrs ago
Where is Aspero (rio Supe)? what is the one mound? - when?
Caral, Huaca de los Idolos- 3055BC
When was caral a large kingdom? how many centres?
2600BC - 17 centres
What industrial crops were at caral? When was it abandoned?
cotton and guords; between 2000-1500BC. LARGEST SETTLEMENT AT TIME, EARLIEST PRE-INDUSTRIAL STATE
When was there interacting chiefdoms along the north and central coast?
1800BC
Where is the oldest U-shaped ceremonial complex ca 1800BC? Where was the same pattern (no resident quarters) at 1700BC?
El Parasio; Huaca Florida
Where do we see burnt offereings?
Kotosh
Where do we see channelled water?
Chavin de Huantar
By 1400BC Sechin Alto was constructed where?
the Casma Valley
When do we get platforms and sunken courts?
2000BC
There are ____ signs of burial rituals and social ranking in the initial period
few
Where was the Chavin art style distinctive?
highland Peru
When was the early horizon when civilization began? In Chavin de Huantar?
900BC; 1500BC
What is Lanzon? What does chavin art reflect?
jaguar-like human; transformations
Where did art originate?
tropical forests
When did the Chavin decline? max pop’n size?
600BC; 2-3000
What site is like Chavin?
Huaricoto - 2000-200BC
What was the Kotosh religious tradition?
sacrificial hearths; period of disruptions not unification
When do we see fine textiles?
The Initial period and the early horizon
Where are the most spectacular forms of large cemeteries? (2)
on Paracus Pen. and the Chinchorro culture of S. Peru and N. Chile
Where is the earliest preserve textiles and when; how many colours? which were prominent?
4500BC on the coast; 190 colours, blue and red
When do we get finer cloth at the paracas? where was weaving done?
2000BC; on backstrap looms
When and were was Chipira?
South shore of L. titicaca; 1400BC - AD100
Who was ancestral to Tiawanaku? Beginning of what tradition? When was Tiwanaku contemporary?
Chipira; stone carving; 400BC to AD100- 1200BC had irrigation and textiles spread to s. coast
When and were was Pukara a society?
400BC to AD100; NW of L. titicaca
What societies were around in the Early intermediate period?
Moche (N.coast), Nasca (south), recuay and Pukara in the highlands
___ fine houses may be admin centre, terracing and irrigation in early int.
25
What is the time period for the Moche state?
starts in 200BC and lasts 800 years
Where is the Moche State located?
Chicama and Moche valleys
Which site in the Moche was not looted? What were in the sites
Sipan; finely modelled clay vessels and burials
Whose burial was identified on a Moche Clay vessel?
warrior-priest
What was the Moche society like?
highly stratified- farmers, fishers, artisans, priests, warriors
What does Moche art show?
all aspects of life
What techniques did expert metallurgists use?
embossing, annealing, depletion, gilding, alloying, electrochem. plating
How were large temples and platforms constructed in the Moche state?
using tax labout
What lead to the Moche collapse? When?
disasters - EQ and El Niño droughts in the 6th century
When was the middle horizon in the S. Highlands? What do we see at Tiwanaku?
AD 600-1000; monumental buildings
What were the first two large political units? What did their collapse near the end of 1st M AD leave?
Wari and Tiwanaku; a large political vacuum- later filled by the Incas
What was the wealthiest district around Lake titicaca? good ___ country and irrigation farmin
Tiwanaku; llama
When was Tiwanaku the economic and religious focus for the region? What was its pop’n?
AD 450; 20,000
Where did the prosperity arise by 600AD in Tiwanaku?
copper working
What art style is the tiwanaku related to?
Pukara
When does Tiwanaku collapse? What provided them with food
1200AD; raised field systems
What was the highland urban and ceremonial centre in the Ayacucho Valley?
Wari
What god influenced Wari artstyle?
Viracocha
Who maintained storehouses and roads?
the state- controlled food supplies
What is the name of the settlement in Wari to exploit copper, lapis lazuli, and obsidian?
Cerro Baul
When was Wari abandoned?
9th century AD
Which two cities were a part of the Late intermediate?
Sican and Chimor
after 700 AD , who filled the vacuum left by the collapse on the Moche coast?
sican; its peak was at AD 900-1100
When was there a disruptive El Niño? Where did the power shift?
1050-1100 AD; political power shifted west
Who overthrew the Sican state in 1375? What did they have that was more ambitious?
The Chimu state, large storage reservoirs
What was Chimu that capital of? How many river valleys did it control?
Chan Chan; 12
Why were there massive walls at chan chan?
not defensive, but physical and ritual isolation
What did the Chimu rulers practice?
split inheritance
How far did the Chimus extend (south) - Who conquered them and when?
lima, 1460s by the Incas
The late horizon is the ____ state
Inca
When does the Late horizon date to?
AD 1476-1534
Who were the early Inca rulers?
petty war leaders
How many rulers listed from AD 1200 and Ad 1438? is this reliable ?
8; no
What developed in the highlands in the 14th C?
a powerful military confederacy
Who rose to power in the beginning of the 15th C AD? What was his small kingdom centered on?
Viracocha Inca, Cuzco
Who becomes the living god, cult of _____.
Viracocha; Inti
Who was crowned in 1438? who do they conquer?
Inca Yupanqui; Chanca
What does Inca yupanki change his name to? What does it mean?
Pachakuti; He who remakes the world
What is a taxable labour called?
Mit’a
What lead to upward mobility? When did pachakuti control the southern highlands?
success in battle,; 1450
Where does Topa Inca extend? what dates
Ecuador, N Argentina, blovia, Chile, conquers Chimu; (1471-1493)
Which leader moved into Ecuador?
Wayna Capac
Society was organized into __ age divisions
12
How many people were a part of the Inca empire at Spanish conquest?
6 million
What caused probles of military, economic and admin stress?
split inheritance
