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Archaeology 325 > Andes > Flashcards

Andes Flashcards

0
Q

What made up the norther area? how many rivers crossed it?

A

Peruvian coastal plain; 40 short rivers

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1
Q

Two poles of the Andean civilization developed:

A

N. coast of peru, S-central andes

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2
Q

___ Major centres developed. Where were the two largest?

A

4, Chacama-Moche and Motupe-Lambayeque

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3
Q

When did the Tiwanaku state flourish?

A

1AD

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4
Q

What brought the regions of the highlands and the coast together?

A

Religious beliefs

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5
Q

only ___% of the desert can be farmed

A

10

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6
Q

Major changes occured when maize was introduced and irrigation developed around _____

A

2500BC

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7
Q

What provided sufficient calories of rapid community growth?

A

unique maritime resources; 60% of carrying capacity of 6.5mill ppl supported

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8
Q

What foods were traded between the highlands and the coast?

A

fish and seaweed for carbohydrate foods

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9
Q

What led to dense pop’ns? What lead to new economies?

A

Reliance on maritime resources; irrigation, maize, and trade

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10
Q

Coastal pop’ns relied on the ocean for ____% of subsistence

A

90%

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11
Q

When were there sedentary villages of several hundred people along the N coast? What is this site called?

A

2500-1800BC; Huaca Prieta

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12
Q

When do we see cotton weaving and a wave of monumental construction? Textiles were important and distinctive b/w coast and highlands

A

Initial Period

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13
Q

Where were the first complex societies on the coast? When?

A

Caral; 5000yrs ago

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14
Q

Where is Aspero (rio Supe)? what is the one mound? - when?

A

Caral, Huaca de los Idolos- 3055BC

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15
Q

When was caral a large kingdom? how many centres?

A

2600BC - 17 centres

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16
Q

What industrial crops were at caral? When was it abandoned?

A

cotton and guords; between 2000-1500BC. LARGEST SETTLEMENT AT TIME, EARLIEST PRE-INDUSTRIAL STATE

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17
Q

When was there interacting chiefdoms along the north and central coast?

A

1800BC

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18
Q

Where is the oldest U-shaped ceremonial complex ca 1800BC? Where was the same pattern (no resident quarters) at 1700BC?

A

El Parasio; Huaca Florida

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19
Q

Where do we see burnt offereings?

A

Kotosh

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20
Q

Where do we see channelled water?

A

Chavin de Huantar

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21
Q

By 1400BC Sechin Alto was constructed where?

A

the Casma Valley

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22
Q

When do we get platforms and sunken courts?

A

2000BC

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23
Q

There are ____ signs of burial rituals and social ranking in the initial period

A

few

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24
Q

Where was the Chavin art style distinctive?

A

highland Peru

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25
Q

When was the early horizon when civilization began? In Chavin de Huantar?

A

900BC; 1500BC

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26
Q

What is Lanzon? What does chavin art reflect?

A

jaguar-like human; transformations

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27
Q

Where did art originate?

A

tropical forests

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28
Q

When did the Chavin decline? max pop’n size?

A

600BC; 2-3000

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29
Q

What site is like Chavin?

A

Huaricoto - 2000-200BC

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30
Q

What was the Kotosh religious tradition?

A

sacrificial hearths; period of disruptions not unification

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31
Q

When do we see fine textiles?

A

The Initial period and the early horizon

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32
Q

Where are the most spectacular forms of large cemeteries? (2)

A

on Paracus Pen. and the Chinchorro culture of S. Peru and N. Chile

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33
Q

Where is the earliest preserve textiles and when; how many colours? which were prominent?

A

4500BC on the coast; 190 colours, blue and red

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34
Q

When do we get finer cloth at the paracas? where was weaving done?

A

2000BC; on backstrap looms

35
Q

When and were was Chipira?

A

South shore of L. titicaca; 1400BC - AD100

36
Q

Who was ancestral to Tiawanaku? Beginning of what tradition? When was Tiwanaku contemporary?

A

Chipira; stone carving; 400BC to AD100- 1200BC had irrigation and textiles spread to s. coast

37
Q

When and were was Pukara a society?

A

400BC to AD100; NW of L. titicaca

38
Q

What societies were around in the Early intermediate period?

A

Moche (N.coast), Nasca (south), recuay and Pukara in the highlands

39
Q

___ fine houses may be admin centre, terracing and irrigation in early int.

A

25

40
Q

What is the time period for the Moche state?

A

starts in 200BC and lasts 800 years

41
Q

Where is the Moche State located?

A

Chicama and Moche valleys

42
Q

Which site in the Moche was not looted? What were in the sites

A

Sipan; finely modelled clay vessels and burials

43
Q

Whose burial was identified on a Moche Clay vessel?

A

warrior-priest

44
Q

What was the Moche society like?

A

highly stratified- farmers, fishers, artisans, priests, warriors

45
Q

What does Moche art show?

A

all aspects of life

46
Q

What techniques did expert metallurgists use?

A

embossing, annealing, depletion, gilding, alloying, electrochem. plating

47
Q

How were large temples and platforms constructed in the Moche state?

A

using tax labout

48
Q

What lead to the Moche collapse? When?

A

disasters - EQ and El Niño droughts in the 6th century

49
Q

When was the middle horizon in the S. Highlands? What do we see at Tiwanaku?

A

AD 600-1000; monumental buildings

50
Q

What were the first two large political units? What did their collapse near the end of 1st M AD leave?

A

Wari and Tiwanaku; a large political vacuum- later filled by the Incas

51
Q

What was the wealthiest district around Lake titicaca? good ___ country and irrigation farmin

A

Tiwanaku; llama

52
Q

When was Tiwanaku the economic and religious focus for the region? What was its pop’n?

A

AD 450; 20,000

53
Q

Where did the prosperity arise by 600AD in Tiwanaku?

A

copper working

54
Q

What art style is the tiwanaku related to?

A

Pukara

55
Q

When does Tiwanaku collapse? What provided them with food

A

1200AD; raised field systems

56
Q

What was the highland urban and ceremonial centre in the Ayacucho Valley?

A

Wari

57
Q

What god influenced Wari artstyle?

A

Viracocha

58
Q

Who maintained storehouses and roads?

A

the state- controlled food supplies

59
Q

What is the name of the settlement in Wari to exploit copper, lapis lazuli, and obsidian?

A

Cerro Baul

60
Q

When was Wari abandoned?

A

9th century AD

61
Q

Which two cities were a part of the Late intermediate?

A

Sican and Chimor

62
Q

after 700 AD , who filled the vacuum left by the collapse on the Moche coast?

A

sican; its peak was at AD 900-1100

63
Q

When was there a disruptive El Niño? Where did the power shift?

A

1050-1100 AD; political power shifted west

64
Q

Who overthrew the Sican state in 1375? What did they have that was more ambitious?

A

The Chimu state, large storage reservoirs

65
Q

What was Chimu that capital of? How many river valleys did it control?

A

Chan Chan; 12

66
Q

Why were there massive walls at chan chan?

A

not defensive, but physical and ritual isolation

67
Q

What did the Chimu rulers practice?

A

split inheritance

68
Q

How far did the Chimus extend (south) - Who conquered them and when?

A

lima, 1460s by the Incas

69
Q

The late horizon is the ____ state

A

Inca

70
Q

When does the Late horizon date to?

A

AD 1476-1534

71
Q

Who were the early Inca rulers?

A

petty war leaders

72
Q

How many rulers listed from AD 1200 and Ad 1438? is this reliable ?

A

8; no

73
Q

What developed in the highlands in the 14th C?

A

a powerful military confederacy

74
Q

Who rose to power in the beginning of the 15th C AD? What was his small kingdom centered on?

A

Viracocha Inca, Cuzco

75
Q

Who becomes the living god, cult of _____.

A

Viracocha; Inti

76
Q

Who was crowned in 1438? who do they conquer?

A

Inca Yupanqui; Chanca

77
Q

What does Inca yupanki change his name to? What does it mean?

A

Pachakuti; He who remakes the world

78
Q

What is a taxable labour called?

A

Mit’a

79
Q

What lead to upward mobility? When did pachakuti control the southern highlands?

A

success in battle,; 1450

80
Q

Where does Topa Inca extend? what dates

A

Ecuador, N Argentina, blovia, Chile, conquers Chimu; (1471-1493)

81
Q

Which leader moved into Ecuador?

A

Wayna Capac

82
Q

Society was organized into __ age divisions

A

12

83
Q

How many people were a part of the Inca empire at Spanish conquest?

A

6 million

84
Q

What caused probles of military, economic and admin stress?

A

split inheritance

Archaeology 325 (1 decks)

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