Anderson Review Qns Flashcards by D S

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the components of the heart?

forms outflow tract

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In the early embryo, during somitogenesis, how many somitomere pairs are found caudal to the most caudal somite pair?

1st pair of somites forms behind (caudal to) 7th pair of somitomeres at the expense of the 8th pair of somitomeres
-11 pairs of somitomeres kept constant at caudal end of paraxial mesoderm

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Opposing FGF-8 and retinoic acid gradients associated with which theory regarding somite formation?

wavefront or determination front model of somitogenesis

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The sclerotome is derived from cells from what source?

paraxial mesoderm

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what is the source of the cardiogenic plate?

splanchnic mesoderm

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An inductive stimulus from what source stimulates the transformation of the epithelial sclerotome into secondary mesenhcyme?

notochord

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What type of embryonic defects are characterized as primary errors of morphogenesis that are usually multifactorial and involve a number of etiological agents including genetic and environmental factors?

malformations

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What condition refers to the accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus during intauterine growth?

hydrops

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Folic acid deficiency is now thought to be a major cause of what class of malformations?

neural tube defects

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Anal atresia can be attributed to what type of disturbance?

disturbance in tissue resorption

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What group of congenital malformations makes up the largest percentage of congenital malformations?

UNKNOWN FACTORS

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The intermediate mesoderm in the early embryo gives rise to which system(s)/structures?

urogenital system

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Cleft palate is the result of a defect in what developmental mechanism?

failure to fuse

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Phocomelia is most likely to be seen after maternal exposure to which teratogenic agent during the first trimester of pregnancy?

Thalidomide

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What are the characteristic effects caused by exposure of the fetus to alcohol?

-growth and mental retardation
-microcehaly
-face and trunk malformations
- heart defects
holoprosencephaly=severe

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Supplementing the diet of women of childbearing age with which dietary supplement may reduce the incidence of neural tube defects such as anencepahly?

folic acid

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In fetal hydrops, the affected brain may become enlarged and edamatous and, when sectioned, has a bright yellow color, particularly the bsal nuclei, thalamus, cerebellum, cerebral gray, and spinal cord. What term is related to this CNS damage?

kernicturus

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An increased incidence of what conditions is strongly associated with increasing maternal age?

trisomy 21

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During childbirth, which membranes/layers around the embryo rupture and which do not?

layers that rupture-amnion and chorion

layers that don’t rupture—>allantois and secondary umbilical vesicle

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Tendons of limb muscles arise from what source?

lateral plate mesoderm

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Limb muscles arise from what source?

ventrolateral dermomyotome

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Expression of what genes are involved in the separation of the dermomyotome into dorsal dermatome and ventral myotome?

expression of Pax 3, Pax 7, and Paraxis

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In early heart formation, cells migrating through the middle part of the primitive streak will form which of the hearts components?

form ventricles

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components?

form outflow tract

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the posterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components?

form the atria

hydatidform mole is related to which genetic-related condition?

paternal imprinting

formation of ribs on the lumbar and sacral vertebrae occurs as a result of what genetic condition?

knockout of all Hox 10 paralogues

Myoepithelial cells in the lactating breast contract in response to what hormone?

oxytocin

Which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from ectoderm?

- hair follicle -nails -hair shaft | - sebaceous glands -secretory and duct components of mammary gland

Which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from mesoderm?

arrector pilli

The proatlas anlage contributes to the formation of which structures?

fuses with 3 upper occipital sclerotomes to form the OCCIPITAL BONE

What factor is antagonistic to BMP and, when down regulated, allows sutures to fuse?

Noggin

what structure is/are derived from the trophoblast?

placenta and chorion | -forms outer layer of blastocyst

List/describe factors/conditions that facilitate the exchange of oxygen between the fetal and maternal blood.

Bohr effect--- fetal blood can carry greater quantity of Oxygen than maternal blood for given blood P02--> delivers increased O2 to the tissues Double Bohr effect---double shift in maternal blood and fetal blood fetal blood hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater than maternal fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2

What factor is in the permanent cartilage pathway that causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen II and cartilage matrix and is continually expressed in permanent cartilage?

sox 9

What is/are the effects of HCG on the corpus luteum?

- prevents involution of corpus luteum (CL) - causes CL to increase secretion of progesterone and estrogens - causes increased growth in CL

What cells can be considered immigrant with regard to the development of integument?

1. melanoblasts--from neural crest 2. Langerhan's cells--from bone marrow 3. Merkel cells--from neural crest

Describe the characteristics of satellite cells in reference to muscle tissue differentiation

- able to fuse with muscle fiber and provide growth - cannot form new muscle fibers - fxn as stem cells - give rise to myogenic precursor cells---replace damaged muscle by proliferating, fusing, and differentiating into skeletal muscle fibers

What signaling molecules are expressed by the isthmic organizer?

mostly FGF-8, Wnt-1, En-1, En-2

What germ layers make up each of the extraembryonic membranes?

amnion--inner cell mass: epiblast derivative yolk sac-inner cell mass: hypoblast derivative allantois-inner cell mass; interfaces with placenta via umbilical cord chorion--part of fetal maternal interface

What germ layer is absent from the oropharyngeal membrane?

-lack of mesoderm-->result in perforation of these plates

List the characteristics of the early placenta and relate to the late placenta

Early--thick, low permeability, small SA, total diffusion conductance is minuscule Late--thin, high permeability, large SA, large increase in placental diffusion

Name the factors that is/are involved in the formation of rhombomeres 3 and 5

Krox-20

Describe the 3 circulatory arcs and their components in the 4-week embryo

vitelline arc-vitelline vessels allantoic arc---allantoic (umbilical) vessels embryonic arc--dorsal aorta, aortic arches, anterior cardinal vein, common cardinal vein, posterior cardinal vein, atrium, ventricle, ventral aorta

What transcription factor suppresses the formation of anterior gut structures and promotes hindgut development?

Cdx-2

At what time during pregnancy does maximum secretion of HCG occur?

10th-12th week of pregnancy

What role does p63 play in the formation of the intermediate layer of the epidermis and what is its relation to miR-203?

p63 initiates 3-layered epidermis-forms )basal germinative layer) and superficial peridermal layer miR-203---inactivates p63 which allows intermediate layer to form

What is fillagrin and what is it specifically associated with?

Fillagrin---> filament associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells --it interconnects the stratum granulosum of intermediate layer of the epidermis

Compare permissive and instructive induction and give examples.

permissive induction---responding tissue has all the potentials that are to be expressed, and need only an environment that allows the expression of the traits ex. fibronectin/laminin does not alter the type of cell that is to be produced, but only enables what has been determined to be expressed instructive induction----> signal from inducing cell necessary for initiating new gene expression in the responding cell- need for differentiating ex. optic vesicle places under region of ectoderm causing region of ectoderm to from a lens

Which intramembranous bone in the body is the first to become ossified?

the clavicle

Prechordal (hypophyseal) cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull?

basisphenoid bone

List characteristicss of early cardiac muscle cells

- does not express Myo D - contract early - maintains their ability to divide partially disassembling their contractile apparatus prior to cell division

Parachordal cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull?

basioccipital portion of chondrocranium

What skull structures are derived from the membranous portion of the viscerocranium?

- part of the temporal -palatine - zygomatic -vomer - maxillary -pterygoid plates, mandible - nasal - lacrimal - tympanic ring

Name the four components of the typical embryonic pharyngeal arch

1. skeletal element 2. muscles 3. branch of specific cranial nerve 4. artery