Andersen Ch.6 Human Memory: Encoding And Storage Flashcards
Brain region strongly associated with the encoding and retrieval of memories.
Prefrontal cortex
Visual Sensory Memory
AKA Iconic memory - a memory system that can effectively hold all of the information in a visual field. This storage is incredibly brief.
Sperling (1960)
Briefly present letters in an array consisting of 3 rows of 4 letters. Post presentation subjects were cued as to which row they were to attend to (partial report procedure instead of whole report). Subjects could then recall all of most of the row. As you delay the cue tone recall becomes close that seen by whole report procedure.
Auditory Sensory Memory
The ability to temporally hold auditory information
ERP mismatch negativity
When a sound is presented that is different from a recently heard sound in pitch or loudness, there is an increase in the negativity of the ERP recording 150 to 200 ms after the discrepant sound. Knuutila (1993) showed that this effect (memory) lasts for 10s
Short Term Memory
There there that information coming from the environment is held in transitory sensory stores, where it is loss unless it is attended to. Attended information is then transferred into short term memory where it must be rehearsed in order to me stored in long term.
Shepard and Teghtsoonian (1961)
Illustrated that information could not be stored in short-term memory indefinitely, because new information will push old information out.
Presented participants with 200 3 digit words and asked subjects to identify when a number was repeated. When the lag increased (numbers between first appearance and repetition) identification gets worse.
Rundus (1971)
Believed that rehearsal was the key to get information from short-term to long-term. He showed that the more a participant rehearsed an item out loud, the more they would remember it.
Craig and Lockhart (1972)
Argued that it wasn’t rehearsal time that was important to get information into LTM, but depth of processing. Depth of Processing Theory.
Glenberg, Smith and Green (1977)
Had participants study four digit numbers for 2’s, then rehearse a word for 2, 4, or 18 s and then recall the 4 digits. Participants thought that their task was to recall the digits and that they just rehearsing the words to fill time. Subjects recalled 11,7, and 13% of the rehearsed words for the respective study times. Time is not so important.
Kapur et al (1994)
Pet study comparing deep and shallow processing of words.
Shallow condition - participants judged whether the words contained a certain letter.
Deep condition - judged whether words described living things
Deep condition remembered 75% of the words, and shallow remembered 57%. Study times were kept the same. There was greater activation in the prefrontal cortex in the deeper processing group.
Baddeley’s Theory of Working Memory
Hypothesized that there is a visuospatial sketch pad and a phonological loop which systems under control of the central executive. These make up Working Memory, which is a system that allows us to hold information that we need to preform a task.
structure that plays an important role in the storage of new memories.
The hippocampus
Central Executive System
Controls how the slave systems work. It also has the ability to route information into either system, or retrieve information from either system.
Baddeley et al. Phonological loop
People can recall about 4.5 out of 5 one syllable words. People can recall abut 2.6 out of 5 five syllable words. This maps on to subjects reading rate. He proposed we can keep about 2 seconds worth of information in WM.