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Philosophy > Ancient philosophical influences > Flashcards

Ancient philosophical influences Flashcards

1
Q

what are the higher forms

A

they are abstract concepts such as justice

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2
Q

how can you see the higher forms

A

like we need sunlight to see we need intellect to see the forms

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3
Q

what are some higher forms?

A

justice, peaceful, honesty, bravery, courage, humility, self control, faithfulness, morality, truth, wisdom, beauty, generosity

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4
Q

Plato’s opinion on our senses

A

they offer us incomplete information - optical illusions are a great example of this

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5
Q

what is the world of appearances?

A

-temporal (in time) and spatial (in space)
-Many particulars (objects)
-constantly changing
-everything passes in and out of existence
-physical
-imperfect
-known through empirical senses
-subject to opinion
-superficial

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6
Q

what is the world of forms?

A

-Outside time and space
-Each form is one single thing
-unchanging (immutable)
-eternal
-non-physical (spiritual)
-perfect
-known through reason
-not subject to opinion - real and absolute

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7
Q

Plato’s opinion on the body and soul

A

every human is made up with a body and soul. the body will die but the soul is immortal

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8
Q

Plato’s belief on humans and the forms

A

the human soul came from the world of forms and throughout our life we try and recreate them.

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9
Q

hierarchy of the forms

A

Form of good
Higher forms
Lower forms
Material objects
Images

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10
Q

metaphysics

A

the real world is an unchanging world of forms

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11
Q

epistemology

A

through reason not senses

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12
Q

who does Plato think should rule?

A

philosophers as they have greater knowledge

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13
Q

weaknesses of Plato’s forms

A

all good is a human construct a tiger won’t think killing its prey is bad

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14
Q

what does Analogy mean?

A

story in which each feature has a symbolic meaning

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15
Q

what do the prisoners represent in the cave?

A

ordinary people

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16
Q

what does the cave represent in the cave?

A

our worlds

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17
Q

what do the chains represent in the cave?

A

our senses

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18
Q

what do the shadows represent in the cave?

A

our everyday experiences

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19
Q

what does the escapee represent in the cave?

A

the philosopher gaining knowledge

20
Q

what does the difficult ascent represent in the cave?

A

how the road to knowledge is difficult

21
Q

what does the outside world represent in the cave?

A

the real world - the world of forms

22
Q

what does the sun represent in the cave?

A

the form of good

23
Q

what does the return to the cave represent in the cave?

A

the philosopher’s duty is to educate the others. But we can be close minded and not want to consider other views

24
Q

what does the difficulty adjusting to the darkness represent in the cave?

A

once the philosopher knows the truth its difficult to to experience the world as an ordinary person

25
Q

what does the persecution by other prisoners represent in the cave?

A

like Socrates the philosopher will be ridiculed and threatened

26
Q

premise

A

a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion.

27
Q

valid

A

an arguement or a point having a sound basis in logic or fact

28
Q

invalid

A

an arguement or a point having no sound basis in logic or fact (incorrect)

29
Q

proof

A

evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement

30
Q

epistemology

A

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope, and the distinction between justified belief and opinion

31
Q

knowledge

A

facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject

32
Q

belief

A

an acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without proof.

33
Q

apriori

A

relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from theoretical deduction rather than from observation or experience

34
Q

A posteriori

A

relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from observations or experiences to the deduction or probable causes.

35
Q

empirical

A

based on, concerned with or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic

36
Q

what does actuality mean?

A

what a thing is or does

37
Q

what does potentiality mean?

A

what a thing can become

38
Q

what is motus?

A

change

39
Q

what is material cause?

A

The material cause of a silver ring is silver if the ring was melted down you would be left with a lump of silver. However this does not explain how or why motus (change) occurs.

40
Q

what is efficient cause?

A

The process of something coming into existence - process of change. The efficient cause explains the process of change from potentiality to actuality. A lump of metal has a potential to be a piece of jewellery but needs a silversmith to act on it to make it a ring.

41
Q

what is formal cause?

A

How we recognise something is its shape, form or characteristics. The formal cause of a silver ring is its circular shape and the hole through the middle. The formal cause explains change (motus) by describing the result of the change from the material cause through the efficient cause into the object that it is.

42
Q

what is final cause?

A

Describes the purpose of something. The Greek word for this is telos. Theories to do with purpose are called teleological theories. The final cause of the silver ring is to look beautiful.

43
Q

strengths of the 4 causes

A

.very reliable as they come from our sense of the world
.they can be applied to everything which makes it a lot more believable
.based on logic and can be observed whereas Platos cannot

44
Q

weaknesses of the 4 causes

A

.concepts such as emotions cannot be applied
.highly rely on experience
.although things have a purpose people may use them for different things

45
Q

what is the prime mover

A

The prime mover is the final cause of everything as there is nothing that comes after it. It is the final thing in the universe.

.perfect
.self absorbed
.ignorant
.happy
.lonely
.eternal

Philosophy (3 decks)

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