Ancient Greece - Nancy Demand Flashcards
Most frequently used land route out of Africa was…
The Levantine Corridor
Early Neolithic period is known as…
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
What is Obsidian?
Black volcanic glass that takes a very sharp edge, obsidian was the best material known for the production of cutting tools in the Neolithic.
How early did early hominins visit Crete?
130,000 years ago.
Where and When is the first well-attested human visit to a previously unoccupied large Mediterranean island by seafaring?
Cyprus. 10,500 BCE
Mixing copper with other metals is called…
Alloying
Why was Hephaestus lame?
Metal-working with arsenic.
What is a primary reason for ‘urbanization’?
Metallurgy
Lime plaster was used to create disinfecting plaster called…
White Ware
What is the name of a central location on a defensible hill?
Acropolis
20,000-10,000 years ago
Hunting & Gathering (Paleolithic)
10,000 years ago
Agriculture (Neolithic)
6,000 years ago
Food Storage
1200-800 BC
Migration (Dark Age)
800-480 BC
Colonization (Archaic)
What are the dates of the Palace Period?
1600-1200
When was the Old Palace Period?
2000-1700
When was the New Palace Period 1?
1750-1490
When was the New Palace Period 2?
1490-1375
The 2500 bc cliffside settlement at Myrtos… palace or not?
General consensus is no.
What was the palace at Mari?
Many similarities to Near Eastern palaces. Courtyards and storage areas. Strongly fortified.
How were Minoan palaces built?
From the inside out.
When did the colony at Thera end? For what reason?
ends 1628 BC. volcano.
New Palace Period 2 was the movement of what civilization? What were some features?
Mycenaeans. grain storage, big central court, and open West Court (for rallying public?) Language change from Linear A to Linear B.
Some feature of the Palace at Knossos?
Minoan used blue art with an interest in the sea. Dolphins and red walls. Trees upside down in order to act as pillars.
What was Thera in relation to Minoan main city?
Colony
Which Language can’t be read between Linear A and B?
Linear A
How many signs does Linear A and B have?
A= 100, B=80
What is the origin of Mycenaean wealth?
Trade, conquest, shaft graces show wealth (1600-1500 bc) and Thalos tombs (1500-1250)
What is a Mycenaean megaron?
great hall or temple.
What are other Mycenaean palace features besides the megaron?
Large stones and fortification walls.
What are some famous Mycenaean palaces?
Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns, Thebes, Gla (walls only)
What kind of a temple is Lion gate found at?
Mycenaean
What kind of palaces have Tiyrns for warding of enemies.
Mycenaean
What kind of pottery would have an octopus on it?
Mycenaean
What kind of societies were Hungary and Rumania?
fighting societies with elaborate burials. A ton of copper, tin, and gold. Developers of the type 2A sword (flange-hilted).
When was the trojan war?
1250 bc.
Between whom?
Mycenaeans against city-state of sparta.
What confirms this war?
Layer 6 of troy is burnt.
What is evidence for the collapse of 1200 bc?
- (problematic) Homer & Greek epics: Greek heroes returning from destroying Troy ran into trouble
- Palaces abandoned
- Dorian invasion (no evidence!)
- Patterns of Habitation: 500,000 Greeks leave mainland Greece (3/4 population?) for Asia Minor, Crete, and Cyprus
What are different theories of the collapse?
-Earthquake?
-Drought/Climate change?
-Invasion?
Dorian? (debunked)
Sea Peoples?
-Political chaos after Trojan War (1250 BC?)
-Loss of copper and tin for bronze weapons
-Change in warfare from archers in chariots to nimble foot soldiers
What are some benefits of the collapse?
- Egyptian and Hittite Empires shrink
- More kingdoms in Near East, including Israel (inland) & Philistines (on coast)
- Fewer resources going to palaces
- More meat in diet (40%)
- Iron Narrative: Cyprus as bronze->iron center
What are features of the palace at Pylos?
Magaron, hearth, less storage, Tiryns
Minoan vs. Mycenaean… Differences?
Minoan - free-flowing, smaller units, land, local shrines.
Mycenaeans - strict, larger units, sea, megarons
Who are the Mycenaeans possibly related to?
Philistines
What was Athens’ advantage during the migration of 500,000 greeks?
a pass through point for the outbound people.
Ramess III vs. the sea people. Homer’s flood (sea people or force of nature)
theories of collapse.
9% tin + 91% copper = ???
Bronze
Iron + carbon =???
Steel
What age did the kingdom of Israel emerge in?
Iron Age
When were camels domesticated?
1,000 BC.
When is the earliest Greek writing from?
A little earlier than 700 BC
Thales (648-546 BC)
water as basic substance
Anaximander (610-546 BC)
apeiron (“infinite”) source and goal of all; universe as concentric wheels
Anaximenes (585-525 BC)
Cycle: air-> fire->water->earth
Pythagoras (c. 569-475 BC)
Universe is mathematical, Pythagorean theorem
Example of Surveying - maintaining a straight line in construction?
Eupalinus’ 3/5-mile tunnel on Samos (Herodotus, Hist. 3.60)
Diolkos (drag-through) at Corinth
What is using trees to determine age called?
Dendrochronology
Corinthian Perfume Jars?
Personification of Wind and Speed. Mythical Dragon
What is Sparta and its founding myth?
Polis in south Peloponnesus
Founding myth: return of children of Herakles (“Dorians”) c. 950 BC
When would Kamares Ware be found?
Middle Minoan, 2000-1700 BC
Spartan Colonies?
Taras (S. Italy) –> red dye for cloaks
Sparta->Thera->Cyrene (N. Africa)
Cyrene –> silphion plant (birth control)
What was the Spartan government?
Great Rhetra (c. 600 BC?) Spartan government; checks & balances: 2 kings 5 ephors Gerousia (28 elders + 2 kings) Assembly (free Spartan male citizens)
Where would Dark-Faced Burnished
Ware be found?
Syria, 7000 BC
What is the order of the ‘lithic’ periods?
Paleo, meso, neo
When did Greeks first arrive on mainland?
2000 BC
When did the Greeks invade Crete?
1490 BC
When did the Greeks arrive in Asia Minor?
1200 BC
When did the Greek invade Egypt?
331 BC
___% of land within ___ miles of sea.
72%, 25
The 355 Sacred War by Macedons was for what location?
Delphi
What is the significance of the Battle of Charonea (338)?
Phillip II’s culmination of Greek conquest.
Who did Alexander face of against in the battle of Gaugamela?
Darius III
If it was happening in the 300’s, who was probably behind it?
Alexander the Great
Who told Alexander he was the son of Zeus?
An Egyptian Oracle
Who succeeded Alexander?
Macedonia & Greece: Antigonids until 168 BC
Egyptian Ptolemies until 31BC. All Defeated by the Romans
Who is the mythic ancestor of Corinth?
Bachis
Who refused to imprison debtors under the Bacchiads?
Kypselus
Who overthrew the Bacchiads in 657 BC?
Kypselus
What were the 3 classes in the Spartan system?
Hoplites, perioikoi, and helots
Citizen warrior, free non-citizen, slaves
What did the 1st and 2nd Messenian Wars accomplish?
The spread of the helot system into Messenia
What is the founding myth of Athens?
founded by men sprung from earth
What is Synoikism?
unification of towns, foreshadows unity of regions (c. 700 BC)
Who ruled Athens until 630BC?
Eupatrids.
Who ended Eupatrid rule in 630BC?
Kylon
Who prohibited every agricultural export except olive oil?
Solon
Who freed those unjustly enslavement by the Horoi?
Solon
Who instituted the right of appeal in the courts?
Solon
Who encouraged skilled labor immigration to Athens?
Solon
Who went into exile after laws we written?
Solon
Who made it so all free males could attend Assembly, and the assembly was the appeals court?
Solon
Who was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta?
Lycurgus
Who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi?
Lycurgus
Who had all his reforms directed towards the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens), military fitness, and austerity?
Lycurgus
Who rewarded the Aristocracy, but also upheld Solon’s reforms?
His son, Peisistratos (Expanded Greece geographically.)
Who undertook an extensive building program, rebuilding the temple to Athena?
Peisistratos
Who began festivals in Athens at the cost of the aristocracy.
Peisistratos
Who were Peisistratos’ two sons?
Hipparchus and Hippias
__% tax for public works in Peisistratos.
5
Who did propaganda through buildings (esp. religious), festivals promoted: games + Homeric epic & drama (534 BC), silver coins to buy mercenaries (Hippias starts owl coins 525 BC?
Peisistratos
How many demes did Kleisthenes break Athens into?
139
How many trittyes did Kleisthenes break Athens into/
30 (each trittys had at least 4 demes,10 tribes ).
Under Kleisthenes, what is equality under law?
Isonomia
Under Kleisthenes, what is negative popularity contest?
Ostracism
Under Kleisthenes, what are large donations to city by rich?
Liturgy
Under Kleisthenes, what is the exchange of property with those who don’t pay enough taxes?
Antidosis
Who lost at the battle of Marathon in 490?
Darius I. Lost to Athens.
Who eventually led Persia’s second conquest into Athens?
Darius’ son Xerxes.
What is the land battle wear the Greeks were betrayed and the mountain path behind them given up?
Thermopylae (480)
What is the naval battle where the Greeks won against the Persians. Weather helped at night!
Artemisium (480)
Which battle are tired Persians, from sailing all night, drawn into the narrows by the Greeks and defeated?
Salamis(479)
What battle does Mardonius decide to attack the Greeks, but lacking the heavy army and long spears, is defeated and the Persian camp is sacked.
Plataea(479)
What battle is at Cape Mykale, the Greeks landed and destroyed the Persian camp. The Ionians had deserted?
Mykale
Who Convinced the Peloponnesians to join the Greeks at Salamis?
Themistocles
Who visited the oracle at Delphi before convincing the Peloponnesian’s to join the Greeks at Salamis?
Themistocles
Who sent the informer to tell the Persians the Greeks intended to slip away in the night?
Themistocles
Who required that a man must be of Athenian parentage on both sides to qualify as a citizen. Started the building program, the center of which was the Parthenon?
Pericles
Who is the Milesian hetaira? She became Pericles’ mistress and was said to have made considerable contributions to his policies.
Aspasia
Who was Athenian politician and general during the Peloponnesian war who was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC?
Nicias
Who was this this Athenian statesman, portrayed as warmonger and demagogue who took Scione and Amphipolis… Killed men and sold women into slavery?
Kleon
Who is this charismatic but ambivalent character, and our other sources suggest that his enthusiastic but erratic political adventuring left other Athenians puzzled and undecided about him as well. Was argued against by Nicias?
Alcibiades
According to Aristotle, Aristotle – How do we organize knowledge? (3 ways)
classification, emphasis on development/progress, invents experimental method.
A bronze age civilization, located on the island of Crete
Minoans
Late bronze age civilization, located on mainland Greece. Sites had large stones, central megaron and fortified walls. Took over the Minoans.
Mycenaeans
Located in present day Turkey, talked about in the Illiad of Homer. Sixth layer was burnt
Trojans
Also known as pirates, may have been former Mycenaens, attested in Egypt before 1176 BC
Sea Peoples
From a city in Greece about a days walk from the ocean. Founding myth: men sprung from the earth. Had a nearly vertical well
Athenians
located in central Greece, rivals to the Athenians
Thebans
North Greece, feudal system, adopted greek culture, became religious center of greece
Macedonians
Used during the paleolithic period in Greece. Some of the first evidence of agriculture in Greece and obsidian from the island of Melos was found indicating sea travel
Franchthi Cave
A volcanic island of Greece where obsidian was excavated
Melos
The city with a labyrinth or maze like building on the island of Crete
Knossos
Volcanic eruption took place wiping out the Minoan people living there
Thera
Large stones, central magaroom, fortified walls
Mycenae
Place of a battle between Sparta and Athens. Many Spartans were stranded and Athens won the battle
Pylos/Sphacteria
DelphiHome of the most important oracle in Greece, and also the site where Apollo slew the python/dragon/monster
Delphi
site of a battle between Syracuse and Carthage
Selinus
location of a siege of the island by Alexander the Great that lasted 7 months. Use of underwater breathing technology
Tyre
the location of a vast system of fortifications
Syracuse/Epipolae
Alexander the Great defeats the Persians here near the Tigris River. Persians used scythed chariots which Alexander defeated making use of their weaknesses (bad turn radius)
Gaugamela
City intended to be the Hellenistic center of Egypt and be the bridge between Greece and Egypt. Founded by Alexander the Great.
Alexandria
Early stone age, marked by crude stone tools
Paleolithic period
late stone age, marked by polished stone weapons
Neolithic period
Homer and Greek epics depict heroes returning from destroying Troy and running into trouble. Palaces are abandoned, 3/4 of the population leaves mainland Greece
Collapse of 1200 BC
A group of people moving from their homeland to a new area in large numbers.
colonization
