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Classical Civ. > Ancient Greece - Nancy Demand > Flashcards

Ancient Greece - Nancy Demand Flashcards

1
Q

Most frequently used land route out of Africa was…

A

The Levantine Corridor

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2
Q

Early Neolithic period is known as…

A

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)

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3
Q

What is Obsidian?

A

Black volcanic glass that takes a very sharp edge, obsidian was the best material known for the production of cutting tools in the Neolithic.

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4
Q

How early did early hominins visit Crete?

A

130,000 years ago.

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5
Q

Where and When is the first well-attested human visit to a previously unoccupied large Mediterranean island by seafaring?

A

Cyprus. 10,500 BCE

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6
Q

Mixing copper with other metals is called…

A

Alloying

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7
Q

Why was Hephaestus lame?

A

Metal-working with arsenic.

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8
Q

What is a primary reason for ‘urbanization’?

A

Metallurgy

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9
Q

Lime plaster was used to create disinfecting plaster called…

A

White Ware

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10
Q

What is the name of a central location on a defensible hill?

A

Acropolis

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11
Q

20,000-10,000 years ago

A

Hunting & Gathering (Paleolithic)

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12
Q

10,000 years ago

A

Agriculture (Neolithic)

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13
Q

6,000 years ago

A

Food Storage

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14
Q

1200-800 BC

A

Migration (Dark Age)

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15
Q

800-480 BC

A

Colonization (Archaic)

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16
Q

What are the dates of the Palace Period?

A

1600-1200

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17
Q

When was the Old Palace Period?

A

2000-1700

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18
Q

When was the New Palace Period 1?

A

1750-1490

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19
Q

When was the New Palace Period 2?

A

1490-1375

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20
Q

The 2500 bc cliffside settlement at Myrtos… palace or not?

A

General consensus is no.

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21
Q

What was the palace at Mari?

A

Many similarities to Near Eastern palaces. Courtyards and storage areas. Strongly fortified.

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22
Q

How were Minoan palaces built?

A

From the inside out.

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23
Q

When did the colony at Thera end? For what reason?

A

ends 1628 BC. volcano.

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24
Q

New Palace Period 2 was the movement of what civilization? What were some features?

A

Mycenaeans. grain storage, big central court, and open West Court (for rallying public?) Language change from Linear A to Linear B.

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25
Q

Some feature of the Palace at Knossos?

A

Minoan used blue art with an interest in the sea. Dolphins and red walls. Trees upside down in order to act as pillars.

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26
Q

What was Thera in relation to Minoan main city?

A

Colony

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27
Q

Which Language can’t be read between Linear A and B?

A

Linear A

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28
Q

How many signs does Linear A and B have?

A

A= 100, B=80

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29
Q

What is the origin of Mycenaean wealth?

A

Trade, conquest, shaft graces show wealth (1600-1500 bc) and Thalos tombs (1500-1250)

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30
Q

What is a Mycenaean megaron?

A

great hall or temple.

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31
Q

What are other Mycenaean palace features besides the megaron?

A

Large stones and fortification walls.

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32
Q

What are some famous Mycenaean palaces?

A

Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns, Thebes, Gla (walls only)

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33
Q

What kind of a temple is Lion gate found at?

A

Mycenaean

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34
Q

What kind of palaces have Tiyrns for warding of enemies.

A

Mycenaean

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35
Q

What kind of pottery would have an octopus on it?

A

Mycenaean

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36
Q

What kind of societies were Hungary and Rumania?

A

fighting societies with elaborate burials. A ton of copper, tin, and gold. Developers of the type 2A sword (flange-hilted).

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37
Q

When was the trojan war?

A

1250 bc.

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38
Q

Between whom?

A

Mycenaeans against city-state of sparta.

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39
Q

What confirms this war?

A

Layer 6 of troy is burnt.

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40
Q

What is evidence for the collapse of 1200 bc?

A
  • (problematic) Homer & Greek epics: Greek heroes returning from destroying Troy ran into trouble
  • Palaces abandoned
  • Dorian invasion (no evidence!)
  • Patterns of Habitation: 500,000 Greeks leave mainland Greece (3/4 population?) for Asia Minor, Crete, and Cyprus
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41
Q

What are different theories of the collapse?

A

-Earthquake?
-Drought/Climate change?
-Invasion?
Dorian? (debunked)
Sea Peoples?
-Political chaos after Trojan War (1250 BC?)
-Loss of copper and tin for bronze weapons
-Change in warfare from archers in chariots to nimble foot soldiers

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42
Q

What are some benefits of the collapse?

A
  • Egyptian and Hittite Empires shrink
  • More kingdoms in Near East, including Israel (inland) & Philistines (on coast)
  • Fewer resources going to palaces
  • More meat in diet (40%)
  • Iron Narrative: Cyprus as bronze->iron center
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43
Q

What are features of the palace at Pylos?

A

Magaron, hearth, less storage, Tiryns

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44
Q

Minoan vs. Mycenaean… Differences?

A

Minoan - free-flowing, smaller units, land, local shrines.

Mycenaeans - strict, larger units, sea, megarons

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45
Q

Who are the Mycenaeans possibly related to?

A

Philistines

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46
Q

What was Athens’ advantage during the migration of 500,000 greeks?

A

a pass through point for the outbound people.

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47
Q

Ramess III vs. the sea people. Homer’s flood (sea people or force of nature)

A

theories of collapse.

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48
Q

9% tin + 91% copper = ???

A

Bronze

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49
Q

Iron + carbon =???

A

Steel

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50
Q

What age did the kingdom of Israel emerge in?

A

Iron Age

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51
Q

When were camels domesticated?

A

1,000 BC.

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52
Q

When is the earliest Greek writing from?

A

A little earlier than 700 BC

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53
Q

Thales (648-546 BC)

A

water as basic substance

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54
Q

Anaximander (610-546 BC)

A

apeiron (“infinite”) source and goal of all; universe as concentric wheels

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55
Q

Anaximenes (585-525 BC)

A

Cycle: air-> fire->water->earth

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56
Q

Pythagoras (c. 569-475 BC)

A

Universe is mathematical, Pythagorean theorem

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57
Q

Example of Surveying - maintaining a straight line in construction?

A

Eupalinus’ 3/5-mile tunnel on Samos (Herodotus, Hist. 3.60)

Diolkos (drag-through) at Corinth

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58
Q

What is using trees to determine age called?

A

Dendrochronology

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59
Q

Corinthian Perfume Jars?

A

Personification of Wind and Speed. Mythical Dragon

60
Q

What is Sparta and its founding myth?

A

Polis in south Peloponnesus

Founding myth: return of children of Herakles (“Dorians”) c. 950 BC

61
Q

When would Kamares Ware be found?

A

Middle Minoan, 2000-1700 BC

62
Q

Spartan Colonies?

A

Taras (S. Italy) –> red dye for cloaks
Sparta->Thera->Cyrene (N. Africa)
Cyrene –> silphion plant (birth control)

63
Q

What was the Spartan government?

A 
Great Rhetra (c. 600 BC?)
Spartan government; checks & balances:  
2 kings 
5 ephors 
Gerousia (28 elders + 2 kings) 
Assembly (free Spartan male citizens)
64
Q

Where would Dark-Faced Burnished

Ware be found?

A

Syria, 7000 BC

65
Q

What is the order of the ‘lithic’ periods?

A

Paleo, meso, neo

66
Q

When did Greeks first arrive on mainland?

A

2000 BC

67
Q

When did the Greeks invade Crete?

A

1490 BC

68
Q

When did the Greeks arrive in Asia Minor?

A

1200 BC

69
Q

When did the Greek invade Egypt?

A

331 BC

70
Q

___% of land within ___ miles of sea.

A

72%, 25

71
Q

The 355 Sacred War by Macedons was for what location?

A

Delphi

72
Q

What is the significance of the Battle of Charonea (338)?

A

Phillip II’s culmination of Greek conquest.

73
Q

Who did Alexander face of against in the battle of Gaugamela?

A

Darius III

74
Q

If it was happening in the 300’s, who was probably behind it?

A

Alexander the Great

75
Q

Who told Alexander he was the son of Zeus?

A

An Egyptian Oracle

76
Q

Who succeeded Alexander?

A

Macedonia & Greece: Antigonids until 168 BC

Egyptian Ptolemies until 31BC. All Defeated by the Romans

77
Q

Who is the mythic ancestor of Corinth?

A

Bachis

78
Q

Who refused to imprison debtors under the Bacchiads?

A

Kypselus

79
Q

Who overthrew the Bacchiads in 657 BC?

A

Kypselus

80
Q

What were the 3 classes in the Spartan system?

A

Hoplites, perioikoi, and helots

Citizen warrior, free non-citizen, slaves

81
Q

What did the 1st and 2nd Messenian Wars accomplish?

A

The spread of the helot system into Messenia

82
Q

What is the founding myth of Athens?

A

founded by men sprung from earth

83
Q

What is Synoikism?

A

unification of towns, foreshadows unity of regions (c. 700 BC)

84
Q

Who ruled Athens until 630BC?

A

Eupatrids.

85
Q

Who ended Eupatrid rule in 630BC?

A

Kylon

86
Q

Who prohibited every agricultural export except olive oil?

A

Solon

87
Q

Who freed those unjustly enslavement by the Horoi?

A

Solon

88
Q

Who instituted the right of appeal in the courts?

A

Solon

89
Q

Who encouraged skilled labor immigration to Athens?

A

Solon

90
Q

Who went into exile after laws we written?

A

Solon

91
Q

Who made it so all free males could attend Assembly, and the assembly was the appeals court?

A

Solon

92
Q

Who was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta?

A

Lycurgus

93
Q

Who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi?

A

Lycurgus

94
Q

Who had all his reforms directed towards the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens), military fitness, and austerity?

A

Lycurgus

95
Q

Who rewarded the Aristocracy, but also upheld Solon’s reforms?

A

His son, Peisistratos (Expanded Greece geographically.)

96
Q

Who undertook an extensive building program, rebuilding the temple to Athena?

A

Peisistratos

97
Q

Who began festivals in Athens at the cost of the aristocracy.

A

Peisistratos

98
Q

Who were Peisistratos’ two sons?

A

Hipparchus and Hippias

99
Q

__% tax for public works in Peisistratos.

A

5

100
Q

Who did propaganda through buildings (esp. religious), festivals promoted: games + Homeric epic & drama (534 BC), silver coins to buy mercenaries (Hippias starts owl coins 525 BC?

A

Peisistratos

101
Q

How many demes did Kleisthenes break Athens into?

A

139

102
Q

How many trittyes did Kleisthenes break Athens into/

A

30 (each trittys had at least 4 demes,10 tribes ).

103
Q

Under Kleisthenes, what is equality under law?

A

Isonomia

104
Q

Under Kleisthenes, what is negative popularity contest?

A

Ostracism

105
Q

Under Kleisthenes, what are large donations to city by rich?

A

Liturgy

106
Q

Under Kleisthenes, what is the exchange of property with those who don’t pay enough taxes?

A

Antidosis

107
Q

Who lost at the battle of Marathon in 490?

A

Darius I. Lost to Athens.

108
Q

Who eventually led Persia’s second conquest into Athens?

A

Darius’ son Xerxes.

109
Q

What is the land battle wear the Greeks were betrayed and the mountain path behind them given up?

A

Thermopylae (480)

110
Q

What is the naval battle where the Greeks won against the Persians. Weather helped at night!

A

Artemisium (480)

111
Q

Which battle are tired Persians, from sailing all night, drawn into the narrows by the Greeks and defeated?

A

Salamis(479)

112
Q

What battle does Mardonius decide to attack the Greeks, but lacking the heavy army and long spears, is defeated and the Persian camp is sacked.

A

Plataea(479)

113
Q

What battle is at Cape Mykale, the Greeks landed and destroyed the Persian camp. The Ionians had deserted?

A

Mykale

114
Q

Who Convinced the Peloponnesians to join the Greeks at Salamis?

A

Themistocles

115
Q

Who visited the oracle at Delphi before convincing the Peloponnesian’s to join the Greeks at Salamis?

A

Themistocles

116
Q

Who sent the informer to tell the Persians the Greeks intended to slip away in the night?

A

Themistocles

117
Q

Who required that a man must be of Athenian parentage on both sides to qualify as a citizen. Started the building program, the center of which was the Parthenon?

A

Pericles

118
Q

Who is the Milesian hetaira? She became Pericles’ mistress and was said to have made considerable contributions to his policies.

A

Aspasia

119
Q

Who was Athenian politician and general during the Peloponnesian war who was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC?

A

Nicias

120
Q

Who was this this Athenian statesman, portrayed as warmonger and demagogue who took Scione and Amphipolis… Killed men and sold women into slavery?

A

Kleon

121
Q

Who is this charismatic but ambivalent character, and our other sources suggest that his enthusiastic but erratic political adventuring left other Athenians puzzled and undecided about him as well. Was argued against by Nicias?

A

Alcibiades

122
Q

According to Aristotle, Aristotle – How do we organize knowledge? (3 ways)

A

classification, emphasis on development/progress, invents experimental method.

123
Q

A bronze age civilization, located on the island of Crete

A

Minoans

124
Q

Late bronze age civilization, located on mainland Greece. Sites had large stones, central megaron and fortified walls. Took over the Minoans.

A

Mycenaeans

125
Q

Located in present day Turkey, talked about in the Illiad of Homer. Sixth layer was burnt

A

Trojans

126
Q

Also known as pirates, may have been former Mycenaens, attested in Egypt before 1176 BC

A

Sea Peoples

127
Q

From a city in Greece about a days walk from the ocean. Founding myth: men sprung from the earth. Had a nearly vertical well

A

Athenians

128
Q

located in central Greece, rivals to the Athenians

A

Thebans

129
Q

North Greece, feudal system, adopted greek culture, became religious center of greece

A

Macedonians

130
Q

Used during the paleolithic period in Greece. Some of the first evidence of agriculture in Greece and obsidian from the island of Melos was found indicating sea travel

A

Franchthi Cave

131
Q

A volcanic island of Greece where obsidian was excavated

A

Melos

132
Q

The city with a labyrinth or maze like building on the island of Crete

A

Knossos

133
Q

Volcanic eruption took place wiping out the Minoan people living there

A

Thera

134
Q

Large stones, central magaroom, fortified walls

A

Mycenae

135
Q

Place of a battle between Sparta and Athens. Many Spartans were stranded and Athens won the battle

A

Pylos/Sphacteria

136
Q

DelphiHome of the most important oracle in Greece, and also the site where Apollo slew the python/dragon/monster

A

Delphi

137
Q

site of a battle between Syracuse and Carthage

A

Selinus

138
Q

location of a siege of the island by Alexander the Great that lasted 7 months. Use of underwater breathing technology

A

Tyre

139
Q

the location of a vast system of fortifications

A

Syracuse/Epipolae

140
Q

Alexander the Great defeats the Persians here near the Tigris River. Persians used scythed chariots which Alexander defeated making use of their weaknesses (bad turn radius)

A

Gaugamela

141
Q

City intended to be the Hellenistic center of Egypt and be the bridge between Greece and Egypt. Founded by Alexander the Great.

A

Alexandria

142
Q

Early stone age, marked by crude stone tools

A

Paleolithic period

143
Q

late stone age, marked by polished stone weapons

A

Neolithic period

144
Q

Homer and Greek epics depict heroes returning from destroying Troy and running into trouble. Palaces are abandoned, 3/4 of the population leaves mainland Greece

A

Collapse of 1200 BC

145
Q

A group of people moving from their homeland to a new area in large numbers.

A

colonization

Classical Civ. (1 decks)

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