Ancient and Modern Astronomy

Question 1

1893, Ferguson of Hot Springs, South Dakota

Answer 1

Square and stationary earth

Question 2

First proponent of a spherical Earth in 500 BC

Answer 2

Pythagoras

Question 3

Observations of Pythagoras which made him think the Earth was spherical

Answer 3

• North and South Constellations
• Sinking ships
• Lunar Eclipse

Question 4

North and South Constellations
(Pythagoras)

Answer 4

North Constellation: ursa Minor; very close to the polaris or north star

South Constellation: Not associated with a specific constellation

Question 5

Sinking Ship Observation (Pythagoras)

Answer 5

Sailing ship appears to sink as they travel away from an observer

Question 6

Partial Lunar Eclipse (Pythagoras)

Answer 6

Only a portion of the moon enters the earth’s shadow

Question 7

Earth is a form of a globe having its extremes in every direction equidistant from the center

Answer 7

Plato

Question 8

“On the Heavens” (350 BC)

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Initiated the idea of a geocentric universe with a spherical Earth at the center

Answer 9

Aristotle

Question 10

Celestial spheres are the ones responsible for the motion of stars and planets in perfect circular orbit

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

Aristotle’s 3 arguments

Answer 11

• Rounded shadow which the earth projects on the moon
• Change in the constellations as travelers voyage to southern
  and northern regions
• Effects of gravity

Question 12

Estimated Earth’s circumference using a stick

Answer 12

Erastosthenes

Question 13

He used the rays of the Sun in two positions

Answer 13

Erastosthenes

Question 14

Disk Floating on Water Theory

Answer 14

Thales

Question 15

Earth is a cylinder with two flat surfaces and its curved

Answer 15

Anaximander

Question 16

Ptolemaic system

Answer 16

Geocentric

Question 17

Copernican model

Answer 17

Heliocentric

Question 18

Believers of Geocentrism

Answer 18

1. Plato
2. Aristotle
3. Ptolemy

Question 19

Believers of Heliocentrism

Answer 19

1. Aristarchus of Samos
2. Nicolaus Copernicus
3. Galileo Galilei
4. Johannes Kepler

Question 20

Study of everything in the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere

Answer 20

Astronomy

Question 21

Branch of astronomy that deals with the origin and evolution of the universe

Answer 21

Cosmology

Question 22

Believed that the universe is perfect and unchanging

Answer 22

Plato

Question 23

He described the stars in outer space as Eternal and Divine.

Answer 23

Plato

Question 24

All motions are perfectly circular, ethereal/perfect

Answer 24

Plato

Question 25

Saving the appearance according to Plato

Answer 25

stars appear around the Earth in a perfect path

Question 26

Ancient Astronomy

Answer 26

1. Exodus of Cnidus 2. Aristotle 3. Ptolemy 4. Aristarchus of Samsos

Question 27

Eudoxus of Cnidus

Answer 27

According to him, there are 27 interconnected geocentric spheres

Question 28

Aristotle

Answer 28

In conjunction to Eudoxus’ model, he added 3 spheres to Jupiter and Mars; 4 spheres to Sun, Moon, Venus, and Mercury

Question 29

Ptolemy

Answer 29

- Earth is a spherical object. - The stars are fixed bodies attached to a solid spherical exterior part of the universe. - Planets move independently of the fixed stars and sometimes, the planets seem to reverse their motion.

Question 30

Aristarchus of Samos

Answer 30

Stated that the sun and stars are fixed and the sun is the center of the universe

Question 31

Modern Astronomy

Answer 31

1. Nicolaus Copernicus 2. Tycho Brahe 3. Gallileo Galliei 4. Johannes Kepler

Question 32

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 32

He corrected the geocentric theory and proposed the Heliocentric Theory

Question 33

Posutulates of Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 33

1. Earth is considered only one of the planets that move around the Sun. 2. Earth rotates on its axis daily and revolves around the Sun once a year 3. Earth experiences an annual tilting of its axis 4. The retrograde motion of the planets is explained by Earth's motion 5. The distance from earth to sun is small compared to the distance from the stars

Question 34

Tycho Brahe

Answer 34

Modified the geocentric model and made observations of planetary motions that helped developed Kepler's Laws

Question 35

Galileo Galilei

Answer 35

Moons

Question 36

Johannes Keppler

Answer 36

Three laws

Question 37

Kepler's First Law

Answer 37

Law of Ellipses

Question 38

Law of Ellipses

Answer 38

The orbit of a planet is an ellipse, with the sun at one focus Perihilion and Aphelion

Question 39

point nearest to the sun

Answer 39

Perihilion

Question 40

point farthest from the sun

Answer 40

Aphelion

Question 41

Kepler's Second Law

Answer 41

Law of Equal Areas

Question 42

Law of Equal Areas

Answer 42

Planet travels equal areas in equal period of time

Question 43

Kepler's Third Law

Answer 43

Law of Harmonies

Question 44

Law of Harmonies

Answer 44

The cube of the radius of the orbit of a planet around the sun is proportional to the square of its period of revolution.

Question 45

The larger the planet’s orbit, the longer the revolution

Answer 45

Law of Harmonies