anatomy yr 1 Flashcards
whats the other term for superior vs inferior
rostral vs caudal
whats the other term for anterior vs posterior
ventral vs dorsal
what are the 2 divisions of the skelenton
axial
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribs
- sternum
appendicular
- lower limb
- upper limbs
2 types of joints
synovial
- bones moving against each other
- has an articular cavity
- produces synovial fluid
solid
- no joint space just connective tissue between
- for support not movemetn
types of synovial joints and and example of where they’re found
pivot joint - Between C1 and C2 vertebrae Hinge joint - Elbow Saddle joint - Between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone Plane joint - Between tarsal bones Condyloid joint - Between radius and carpal bones of wrist Ball-and-socket joint - Hip joint
types of solid joints - and they’re subtypes
Fibrous
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
- Sutures
Cartilaginous
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
tendons vs ligaments
tendons - muscle to bones
ligaments - bone to bone
anatomical terms for movements
flexion vs extension abduction vs adduction circumduction rotation supination vs pronation inversion vs eversion
types of imaging and what they’re primarily used for
radiography with contrast media
- contrast media > barium or iodine compounds, absorb x-rays more than soft tissue
- visualise sift tissue
computerised tomography (CT scans)
- x-rays > tube rotates around body = transverse plane image
- visualise bony structures
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- no x-rays
- uses radiowaves - from hydrogen nuclei
- sim. CT = planar image
- better than CT for soft tissue eg heart, brain
Ultrasound
- doesn’t use x-rays
- records reflection of ultrasonic waves
- visualise pregnancy, internal organs, blood vessels
divisions of vertebrae
33 in total
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacrum
- 4 coccyx
what are the 2 vertebral column curvatures
Primary – foetal
- Thoracic and sacral
- Concave anteriorly
- Differing height of anterior and posterior parts of vertebrae
Secondary – after birth
- Cervical and lumbar
- Concave posterior
- Postnatal changes in intervertebral discs
what is the purpose of vertebral column curvatures
- shock absorption
- weight distribution
clinical curvatures
Kyphosis – increases curvature of thoracic region
Scoliosis – lateral curvature
Lordosis –increased curvature of lumbar or cervical region
features of a typical vertebrae
Body
- Weight bearing, shock absorbing
Vertebral arch (neural arch) - Completes vertebral foramen o 2 pedicles o 2 laminae o 4 articular processes o 3 non-articular processes 2 transverse, 1 spinous
components of vertebral disc
annulus fibrosis
- fibrotic cartilage
nucleus pulposus
- gelatinous central mass
specialisation and name of the C1 vertebrae
Atlas
- No body or spinous process
- Anterior arch
- Posterior arch
- Superior articular surface
- Inferior articular surface
specialisation and name of the C2 vertebrae
Axis
- Rounded superior articular facets
- Dens (odontoid process)
C1 and C2 joints
- Atlanto-axial joint
o C1/C2
o Rotation
o Dens (odontoid process - Atlanto-occipital joint
o C1/ Occipital Bone
o ‘nodding’
variation between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Cervical - Sloped from anterior to posterior - Zygaphophysial joint in all Thoracic - ‘vertical’ Lumbar - ‘wrapped’
types of movement of the vertebral column
- Lateral flexion
- Lateral extension
- Rotation of head and neck
- Rotation of upper trunk
- Extension
- Flexion
what are the general functions of the muscles of the back
intrinsic
- movement and support of vertebral column
Extrinsic
- movement of limbs
- have a superficial and deep layer
trapezius
Attachments
o Thoracic vertebrae, cervical region, occipital bone to clavicle and scapula
Actions o Sup/ inf fibres Superior rotation of scapula o Middle fibres Retract scapula o Superior fibres Elevate o Inferior fibres Depress
Latissimus Dorsi
- Attachments
o Lower thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior ribs to humerus - Actions
o Extend, adduct, medially rotate shoulder
Rhomboids
- Attachments
o Spinous processes to medial border of scapula - Actions
o Retraction. Inferior rotation of scapula