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Skin MS: Week 1 > Anatomy: Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord, Meninges > Flashcards

Anatomy: Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord, Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebrae

A

33

7C

12T

5L

5S - fused

4 coccyx fused

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2
Q

What are: body, pedicle, laminae, travserve processes, spinous sprocesses, articular processes, superior/inferior vertebral notches, vertebral foramen?

A

See flashcard

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3
Q

Vertebra prominens

A

C7

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4
Q

Cervical vertebrae specializations

A

bifid spinous process

transverse foramina for vertebral arteries

C1 - atlas

C2 - axis

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5
Q

Lumbar vertebrae specializations

A

Larger transverse process, large intervertebral foramina, large bodies

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6
Q

Thoracic vertebrae specializations

A

Costal facets

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7
Q

Sacral specializations

A

Anterior and posterior foramina

Lateral surface for articulation w/ ilium (sacroiliac joint)

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8
Q

Anterior and posterior longitudinal liagments

A

on anterior/posterior of vertebral bodies

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9
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Located between laminae of adjacent vertebrae

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10
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Between spines of adjacent vertebrae

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11
Q

Hangmans Fracture

A

Dislocation/fracture of C2-C3

Fatal

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12
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

break of arch to start (Fracture) = spondylolysis

Anterior displacement onto bone in front = spondylolisthesis (Frequent L5 onto sacrum)

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13
Q

Kyphosis vs Lordosis

A

Kyphosis = Dowager’s hump, increased thoracic curvature - hard to breath

Lordosis = increased lumbar curvature

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14
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal/lateral curvature in spine

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15
Q

What spinal cord segments constitute the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements? What is the extent of the spinal cord in the vertebral canal?

A
  • Cervical - C4-T1
  • Lumbosacral - L2-S3
  • Terminates at conus medullaris (L2) → cauda equina + filum terminale
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16
Q

Contrast ventral and dorsal roots, spinal nerves, spinal ganglia, dorsal and ventral rami. What is the general position of each nerve component with respect to the vertebrae?

A

V/D rootlets → roots (ganglia on DR) which join together = spinal nerves → exit intervertebral foramina → branch into rami

17
Q

3. What is the general relationship of the spinal cord segments to the vertebral body level?

A

SC shorter than VB → so SC segments are higher up than their VB segment (i.e. SC segment C8 is in the C6/C7 space) – run down to exit

Note: Actual Spinal nerve exits in intervertebral space BELOW body (i.e. L5 extits at L5/L6)

18
Q

Differentiate dura, arachnoid, subdural space, subarachnoid space, pia, epidural space. How are the denticulate ligaments formed and what is thought to be their function? What occupies the subarachnoid space?

A
  • Dura mater - tough outer layer → skull to S2 → external filum (coccygeal ligament) → coccyx
    • Subdural space - potentially enlarged if filled with something
  • Arachnoid - next layer → S2
    • Subarachnoid space has CSF → still when forms lumbar cistern
  • Pia - innermost layer, forms denticulate ligaments which connect to the dura inner wall (stability)
  • Epidural space - above the dura (with fat, connective tissue, internal vertebral venous plexus)
19
Q

How do blood vessels (arteries and veins) outside the vertebral canal reach the spinal cord? Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus located and what is its significance in metastases?

A
  • Internal vertebral venous plexus - laterally through intervertebral foramina
  • Within spinal cord (Epidural space)
  • Infection/cancer can metastasize through IVVP (especially when drainage veins of organ are connected)
20
Q

What is the lumbar cistern? Why is it safe to do a lumbar puncture between the spinous processes of L3/L4 or L4/L5?

A
  • Enlargement of subarachnoid space between end of SC (conus medullaris) at L2 and end of dura/arachnoid at S2 - has CSF
  • Nerves in the cistern are individual (cauda equina) and will just move away
21
Q

7. How is the difference between spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia?

A
  • Spinal anesthesia - anesthetic agent directly into CSF - blocking nerve roots in subA space
  • Epidural anesthesia - through sacral hiatus - ie birth canal
22
Q

Coccydynia

A
  • Pain in the coccyx, often after fracture
  • Pain when sitting - pain relief difficult to find
23
Q

Naming and number of vertebral discs is according to ______

A

vertebra below which they lie

24
Q

“Slipped Disc”

A

Herniation of nucleus pulposus = inner softer part of intervertebral disc

L4 disc –> pressure on L5 –> pain in leg/dorsum of foot

L5 disc –> pressure on S1 –> pain back of leg/side of foot

25
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

holds neck together

26
Q

Erector spinae

A

trunk extensors

iliocostalis (lateral)

longissimus

Spinalis (medial)

dorsal rami

27
Q

Spinal cord terminates at

A

Conus medularis (L2 or L3) –> filum terminale (internal terminal filum or internal medullary filum) = pia –S2

28
Q

Internal medullary filum –> external medullary filum

A

pia from L2-S2 after conus medullaris –> fused dura/arachnoid/pia at s2 –> coccyx (coccygeal ligament)

29
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

subarachnoid space w/ CSF after SC ends

30
Q

Where should spinal tap be?

A

Below L2, L3

31
Q

What is meant by sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra and lumbarization of the first sacral vertebra?

A
  • Sacralization → L5 fused with sacrum
  • Lumbarization → S1 not fused with sacrum
32
Q

What is spinal stenosis, and what clinical complications may occur in a patient with lumbar spinal stenosis?

A
  • Vertebral foramen narrowing on spinal cord
  • Physiological narrowing, IV disc bulging, age
  • Treat with laminectomy
  • Pressure on nerves - pain/difficulty in motion
33
Q

. What is spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica, and where do they occur? Define the difference between a meningocele and a meningomyelocele

A
  • Spina bifida occulta - L5/S1 poorly formed vertebral arch → herniation of spinal cord, tuft of hair
  • Cystica - actual cyst of meninges/spinal cord
    • meningocele not SC
    • Myelomeningocele - SC
34
Q

11. What ligament is involved in so-called “whiplash” injury? When is injury to the posterior longitudinal ligament and interspinous ligaments most likely to occur?

A
  • Whiplash - anterior longitudinal ligament - one NOT inside foramen (when whipping back)
  • Hyperflexion (blow to back of neck, some car accidents), disc herniation
35
Q

Differentiate strains and sprains. How would one differentiate a back strain from a herniated disc?

A
  • Sprain - stretch/tear ligament
  • Strain - stretch/tear muscle/tendon
  • Strain - often localized pain vs. herniated disc is referred (feel in foot/leg)
36
Q

How is innervation of the superficial or extrinsic back muscles different from innervation of the deep or intrinsic back muscles?

A
  • Superficial from ventral rami
  • Deep from dorsal rami
37
Q

Where are somatic motor bodies?

A

Upper levels of neuraxis (brain stem, cerebellum) - no synapsye

38
Q
A

Skin MS: Week 1 (9 decks)

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