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sophomooooore 24-25 JAF > Anatomy Unit 7 > Flashcards

Anatomy Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

vocab: antigen presenting cells

A

specialized immune cells that capture and process antigens, then display them on their surface using MHC molecules, enabling T cells to recognize and initiate an adaptive immune response.

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2
Q

vocab: blood vessels

A

the network of tubes through which blood is pumped around the body.

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3
Q

vocab: bone marrow

A

the soft, spongy tissue that is in the medullary cavities (centers) of bones.

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4
Q

vocab: B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

a type of white blood cell that makes infection-fighting proteins called antibodies.

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5
Q

vocab: T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

a type of white blood cells that helps thee immune system fight germs and protect from disease.

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6
Q

vocab: cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

A

a type of T cell that destroy infected cells.

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7
Q

vocab: helper T cells (Th cells)

A

a type of T cells that send signals that direct other immune cells to fight infection.

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8
Q

vocab: lymph nodes

A

small lumps of tissue that contain white blood cells, which fight infection.

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9
Q

vocab: lymphatic vessels

A

tubes that carry lymph through the body to lymph nodes and back to veins.

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10
Q

vocab: macrophages

A

a type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.

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11
Q

vocab: skin

A

the largest organ covering the entire body, is part of the integumentary system, and protects the body from external factors such as bacteria, chemicals, and temperature.

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12
Q

vocab: spleen

A

a small organ inside the left rib cage, just above the stomach, is part of the lymphatic system, and stores and filters blood and makes white blood cells that protect from infection.

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13
Q

vocab: stomach

A

a muscular, hollow organ in the upper abdomen, it stores food and breaks it down through both mechanical and chemical processes.

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14
Q

explain how the immune response works and use evidence to support explanation

A

the adaptive (specific) immune system makes antibodies and uses them to specifically fight certain germs that the body has previously come into contact with.

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15
Q

vocab: plasma

A

the liquid, straw-colored part of blood that makes up about 55% of its volume and carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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16
Q

vocab: thrombocytes (platelets)

A

small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in forming clots and stopping or preventing bleeding.

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17
Q

vocab: erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

the most common type of blood cell, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and organs, and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

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18
Q

vocab: leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

a cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell.

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19
Q

analyze provided scenarios of damaged blood to explain how the damage affects the structure(s) and function(s) of blood

A

idk what to put here so hi!

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20
Q

vocab: antibody

A

a protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen.

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21
Q

vocab: antigen

A

any molecule, like those found on the surface of cells, viruses, or bacteria, that triggers an immune response in the body, causing it to produce antibodies to fight off the perceived threat.

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22
Q

vocab: agglutination

A

the clumping together of particles, like red blood cells or bacteria, in a liquid, usually caused by a reaction between antibodies and antigens.

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23
Q

vocab: blood types

A

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

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24
Q

vocab: Rh factor

A

a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. It is inherited and determines whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative.

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25
vocab: donor and recipient
a donor is someone who gives blood, organs, or tissues for use in another person, while a recipient is the person who receives those donated materials.
26
identify a blood type from the results of a blood test and use evidence about antigens and antibodies to support/explain identification
look back to presentations
27
explain blood donations (who can donate/receive and why) and use evidence about antigens and antibodies to support explanation
O- >> anyone O+ >> O+, A+, B+, AB+ A- >> A-, A+, AB-, AB+ A+ >> A+, AB+ B- >> B-, B+, AB-, AB+ B+ >> B+, AB+ AB- >> AB-, AB+ AB+ >> anyone This would matter in case of an emergency transfusion, as well as if the person were pregnant.
28
vocab: aorta
the largest blood vessel in the body and is responsible for transporting oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
29
vocab: aorta valve
a crucial structure in the heart that regulates blood flow between the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) and the aorta (the body's largest artery).
30
vocab: artery
a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
31
vocab: bicuspid (mitral) valve
a congenital heart condition where the aortic valve, which sits between the heart and the aorta, has only two leaflets (or cusps) instead of the usual three.
32
vocab: blood vessels
the tubes that form a network throughout the body, carrying blood and facilitating the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to and from tissues and organs.
33
vocab: capillaries
delicate blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout your body.
34
vocab: inferior vena cava
a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body (legs, abdomen, pelvis) to the right atrium of the heart.
35
vocab: left atrium
one of the four chambers of the heart, specifically the upper left chamber, that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and then pumps it into the left ventricle.
36
vocab: left ventricle
one of the four chambers of the heart, located in the bottom left portion, and its primary function is to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.
37
vocab: pulmonary arteries
function to transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
38
vocab: pulmonary valve
a heart valve that controls the flow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs.
39
vocab: pulmonary veins
blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart.
40
vocab: right atrium
one of the heart's four chambers, specifically the upper right chamber, that receives deoxygenated blood from the body and then pumps it into the right ventricle, where it's then sent to the lungs for oxygenation.
41
vocab: right ventricle
one of the four chambers of the heart, located in the bottom left portion, and its primary function is to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.
42
vocab: superior vena cava
a large vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, upper chest, and arms back to the heart, specifically into the right atrium.
43
vocab: tricuspid valve
a heart valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
44
vocab: veins
blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart.
45
identify the different physical structures of the heart
The heart is a muscular organ with several key physical structures that allow it to pump blood efficiently throughout the body. These structures can be categorized into chambers, valves, vessels, and muscular layers.
46
explain the path of blood through the heart and body
- Right heart = deoxygenated blood → lungs - Left heart = oxygenated blood → body - Arteries = carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary) - Veins = carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
47
explain where blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated and sue evidence to support/explain why
Blood oxygenation occurs in specific regions of the circulatory system, based on gas exchange processes. Understanding where blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated is crucial for explaining how oxygen is delivered to tissues and carbon dioxide is removed.
47
vocab: systole (contracted)
the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts, pushing blood out of the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
48
vocab: diastole (relaxed)
the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles relax, allowing the heart chambers to fill with blood.
49
vocab: electrocardiogram
a medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
50
vocab: arrhythmias
a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm.
51
vocab: bradycardia
a condition where the heart rate is slower than normal.
52
vocab: tachycardia
a medical condition characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm).
53
vocab: fibrillation
an irregular and uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibers.
54
vocab: electrical structures
any power line tower, electric pole, switch box, miniature substation fence or building or any other structure used in the distribution of electricity.
55
vocab: atrioventricular (AV) node
a crucial part of the heart's electrical conduction system, acting as a relay station that transmits signals from the atria to the ventricles, ensuring coordinated heart contractions and blood flow.
56
vocab: atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
a specialized group of heart muscle fibers that transmits electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles, facilitating coordinated heart contractions.
57
vocab: atrioventricular bundle branches
left and right, located between the atria and ventricles.
58
vocab: Bachmann's bundle (interatrial bundle)
a muscular bundle comprising of parallel aligned myocardial strands connecting the right and left atrial walls.
59
vocab: internodal pathways
specialized, muscular bundles in the heart that facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node (SA node) to the atrioventricular node (AV node) and throughout the atria, ensuring coordinated heartbeats.
60
vocab: purkinje fibers
specialized nerve fibers found in the heart, play a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart, ensuring coordinated and efficient contractions of the ventricles.
61
vocab: sinoatrial (SA) node
a specialized cluster of muscle fibers located in the right atrium of the heart, responsible for generating electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm.
62
identify the different electrical structures of the heart
- SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers - Controls heartbeat & coordination - Problems = arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)
63
explain how the heart contracts and relaxes to mechanically pump blood
64
explain how the heart electrically controls it’s mechanical functions
- Electricity triggers heartbeats - Atria contract first, then ventricles (keeps blood flowing right) - Problems = Arrhythmias (irregular beats)
65
analyze a provided electrocardiogram to identify the arrhythmia shown and use evidence to support/explain identification
...sure I can do that!
66
vocab: heart damage
any condition that impairs the heart's ability to function properly, leading to a range of issues from mild to life-threatening.
67
vocab: structural damage
conditions that damage or affect the heart's valves, chambers, walls, or muscles, impacting its ability to function properly.
68
vocab: electrical damage
occurs when the heart's natural electrical system malfunctions, potentially leading to a variety of symptoms and serious complications.
69
analyze a provided scenario of heart damage to explain how the damage affects the structure(s) and function(s) of the heart and use evidence to support explanation
yup yup yup

sophomooooore 24-25 JAF (2 decks)

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