anatomy thorax Flashcards
bilateral action of epaxial muscles
extend vertebral column
unilateral action of epaxial muscles
lateral flexion of trunk
inspiratory muscles
external intercostals
serratus dorsalis cranialis
scalenus
rectus thoracis
diaphragm
expiratory muscles
internal intercostals
serratus dorsalis caudalis
transversus thoracis
abdominal muscles
what vessels go through the transverse foramen and alar notch of the atlas
vertebral artery and vein
what vessel goes through the lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas
1st cervical spinal nerve
what joint makes the “yes” motion
atlanto-occipital joint
where in the cervical column can CSF be taken from
atlanto-occipital joint
what vessel goes through the cranial vertebral notch of the axis
2nd cervical spinal nerve
what vessel goes through the caudal vertebral notch of the axis
3rd cervical spinal nerve
what joint makes the “no” motion
atlanto-axial joint
what ligament connects the axis to the occipital bone
alar ligament
what ligament connects the axis to the basi-occipital bone
apical ligament
what ligament connects the axis to the atlas
transverse ligament
what type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint
uni-axial
pivot
from T1-T10, how do the cranial articular processes face
dorsally and craniomedially
from T11-T13, how do the cranial articular processes face
medially
from T1-T9, how do the caudal articular processes face
ventrally and caudolaterally
from T10-T13, how do the caudal articular processes face
laterally
what process projects caudally from the pedicle region from mid-thoracic to L5/L6
accessory process
what process projects dorsally from the transverse process of T2-T10, or from the cranial articular process of T11+
mammillary process
pelvic inlet dorsal boundary
promontory of sacrum
pelvic inlet lateral boundary
arcuate line of ilium
pelvic inlet ventral boundary
pecten of pubis
pelvic outlet dorsal boundary
Cd1
pelvic outlet lateral boundary
sacrotuberous ligament
pelvic outlet ventral boundary
ischial arch
cranial border of femoral triangle
caudal part of sartorius
caudal border of femoral triangle
pectineus
proximal border of femoral triangle
inguinal ligament/vascular lacuna
what vertebral column ligament extends over the dorsal edge of thoracic and lumbar spinous processes and continues cranially as the nuchal ligament
supraspinous ligaments
what vertebral column ligament is found on the floor of the vertebral canal, from the axis to the sacrum
dorsal longitudinal ligament
what vertebral column ligament is found on the ventral aspect of the vertebrae from the midthoracic to sacrum
ventral longitudinal ligament
what ligament connects adjacent spinous processes
interspinous ligaments
what ligament is found between vertebral arches to cover the epidural interarcuate space
yellow ligaments
what ligament is pierced during caudal epidural anesthesia
yellow ligament
where does the nuchal ligament extend in the dog
C2-T1
where does the nuchal ligament extend in large animals
C2-T3
type of joint between articular surfaces of adjacent vertebrae
synovial facet joints
what is not present between C1 and C2 that is normally present between other vertebrae
intervertebral discs
what type of joint is between cervical vertebrae
synovial plane (diarthrotic)
what type of joint is between the intervertebral discs
cartilaginous, amphiarthrotic
what type of joint is between ribs and sternum
synchondrosis, amphiarthrotic
costal arch is formed by
ribs 10-12
which thoracic vertebrae only have complete cranial costal fovea
T11-T13
iliocostalis system extends from
ilium to C7
longissimus system extends from
ilium to skull
transversospinalis system extends from
sacrum to skull
dorsal border of jugular groove
cleidocephalicus
ventral border of jugular groove
sternocephalicus
carotid sheath contains
common carotids
vagosympathetic trunk
internal jugular
ventral boundaries of cervical visceral space
sternocephalicus
sternohyoideus
sternothyroideus
dorsal boundaries of cervical visceral space
longus capitis - lateral
longus colli - medial
innervation type provided by cervical spinal nerves
sensory and motor
ribs move ___ during inspiration
cranially
fibers of the external abdominal oblique run
ventrocaudal
fibers of the internal abdominal oblique run
ventrocranial
cranial boundary of deep inguinal ring
caudal border of internal abdominal oblique
medial boundary of deep inguinal ring
rectus abdominis
laterocaudal boundary of deep inguinal ring
inguinal ligament
inguinal canal allows passage of:
1. vaginal tunic (M)
2. genitofemoral n
3. external pudendal a and v
4. cremaster m
5. _____
vaginal process (F)
built in girdle in large animals that helps with the heavy weight support
tunica flava abdominis
tendon in the LA which supports the weight of the abdomen; a broad reinforced weight
prepubic tendon
in cattle, the ___ can be accessed via the L paralumbar fossa
rumen
in horses, the ___ can be accessed via the R paralumbar fossa
cecum
base of paralumbar fossa
tips of lumbar transverse processes
cranioventral border of paralumbar fossa
last rib
caudoventral border of paralumbar fossa
ridge of internal abdominal oblique from tuber coxae to last rib
most prominent landmark of the paralumbar fossa
tuber coxae
cranial border of the thorax
thoracic inlet; first ribs
dorsal border of thorax
thoracic vertebrae
lateral border of thorax
ribs
ventral border of thorax
sternum
caudal border of thorax
diaphragm
phrenic nerves are formed from ventral branches of
C5-C7
innervation type provided by phrenic nerves to the diaphragm
sensory and somatic motor
tracheal rings are connected by ___ ligaments
annular
internal crest at the bifurcation of the trachea
carina
how many principal bronchi
2
how many lobar bronchi
6
how many lobes does the L lung have
2
how many lobes does the R lung have
4
where is cardiac notch located
4-5th intercostal space
R horse lung lacks a
middle lobe
ruminants and pigs have an additional bronchus to supply the cr. lobe of the R lung called
tracheal bronchus
caudal vena cava drains blood from
pelvic limbs, pelvic and abd. cavity
cranial vena cava drains blood from
head and thoracic limbs
R azygous vein drains blood from the costal walls into the
cranial vena cava
horses and dogs have a ___ azygous vein
R
ruminants have a __ azygous vein
L, sometimes R
pigs have a ___ azygous vein
L or L and R
largest lymphatic vessel in the body
thoracic duct
brain and spinal cord are supplied by
vertebral a
dorsal branches of spinal n supply
epaxial m
dorsal SQ tissues and skin
ventral branches of spinal n supply
costal wall
type of innervation provided by the vagus n
sensory and motor
middle cervical ganglion is (sympathetic or parasympathetic)
sympathetic
sympathetic trunk is formed by ____ ganglia
paravertebral sympathetic
cervicothoracic ganglion is connected to the middle cervical ganglion by the
ansa subclavia
where is the heart located in dogs
b/w rib 3 and 6th intercostal space
where is the heart located in horses
b/w 2nd and 6th intercostal space
where is the heart located in pigs and bovine
b/w 2nd and 5th intercostal space
in all species except the dog, the pericardium is attached to the sternum via
sternopericardial ligament
in the dog the pericardium is attached to the diaphragm via
phrenicopericardial ligament
outflow tract of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk; located cranioventrally; interrupts the coronary groove
conus arteriosus
in carnivores and ruminants, the L coronary artery circles the heart caudally to give rise to
subsinuosal interventricular coronary artery
in carnivores and ruminants the R coronary artery ___ at the coronary groove
terminates
in horses and pigs, the L coronary artery ____ at the coronary groove
terminates
in horses and pigs, the R coronary artery reaches the coronary groove and becomes the
subsinuosal interventricular coronary artery
arteries are (efferent or afferent)
efferent
veins are (efferent or afferent)
afferent
