Anatomy - Theory Flashcards
At which point does the upper respiratory tract become the lower?
The beginning of the trachea
At what vertebral level does the upper respiratory tract become the lower?
C6
Where can the trachea be palpated?
Jugular notch of the manubrium
What are the two types of pleura?
- Visceral
- Parietal
What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura called?
Intrapleural space
How many lobes make up each lung?
Left - 2, right - 3
How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung lobe have?
10
Why can small sections of lung easily be removed through surgery?
Each bronchopulonary segment has its own innervation, lymphatic and blood supplies
Little damage is done to surrounding bronchopulmonary segments when one is operated on
How many pairs of ribs are there in the thoracic skeleton?
12
What are the 3 type of ribs and what rib numbers does each type represent?
- True - ribs 1-7
- False - ribs -8-10
- Floating - ribs 11 and 12
What are the three components of the sternum?
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
What happens at the sternal angle?
Bronchi bifurcate
Which parts of a rib articulate with the vertebrae?
Head and tubercle
The head of the rib articulates with the vertebra of the ______ ________ and also the vertebra _______.
The tubercle associates with the __________ ________ of the vertabra of the ______ _________.
Same number
Above
Transverse process
Same number
What is a costal groove?
This is a groove on the ribs in which a neurovascular bundle is located
What is a costochondral joint?
A joint from rib to sternum
What are sternocostal joints?
Synovial joints from sterum to ribs
Where do costalvertebral joints occur?
Where ribs articulate with the sternum
What are the three layers of intercostal muscles?
- External
- Internal
- Innermost
How many intercostal spaces are there?
11
Each intercostal space contains what?
A neurovascular bundle (nerve, artery and vein)
A neurovascular bundle is found between which layers of muscle?
Internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
In a neurovascular bundle, where does the nerve supply originate?
Anterior ramus of the spinal nerve
Blood supply to the intercoastal spaces is both posterior and anterior, which vessels are utilised in each situation?
Anterior - internal thoracic artery, internal thoracic vein
Posterior - thoracic aorta, azygous vein
Why is the right “dome” of the diaphragm larger than the left?
Due to the liver
Which type of muscle composes the diaphragm?
Skeletal
The phrenic nerve is composed of which spinal nerves?
C3, 4 and 5
The diaphragm is innervated by which nerve?
Phrenic
C3, 4 and 5 keep the diaphragm alive
Where in the neck is the phrenic nerve found?
Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle
Where in the thorax is the phrenic nerve found?
It decends over the anterior surface of the external pericardium of the heart
What does the phrenic nerve supply to the diaphragm?
Somatic sensory and sympathetic axons (to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium)
Motor neurones (to diaphragm)
What is the root of breast tissue called?
Axillary tail
What is the name of the surrounding tissue close to the nipple?
Areola
Lymph drainage from breast tissue is split into which two main areas?
- Axillary nodes - lateral quadrants (unilateral)
- Parasternal nodes - medial quadrants (bilateral)
Where are sensory nerves located?
Within superficial fascia
The deltoid muscle and pectoralis major do not join completely so betweent them is a groove. What is the name of this groove?
Delto-pectoral groove
Which vein runs within the delto-pectoral groove?
Cephalic vein
The long thoracic nerve innervates which muscles
Serratus anterior muscles
The function of the serratus anterior muscles is to?
Anchor the scapular to the body
What are 4 different names of parietal pleura (based on location)?
- Cervical - above ribs
- Costal
- Diaphragmatic
- Medistinal
What is the most inferior part of the intrapleural cavity?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
(costophrenic angle - most inferior point)
What is the term given to the most superior part of the lungs?
Apex
What is the name of the medial projection of the left lobe?
Lingula
How are lung lobes separated?
Fissues
(oblique - superior and inferior, and horizontal - middle and superior - only in right lung)
What are hila and what are they composed of?
Lung roots
Pulmonary arteries, veins and lymph nodes
Main bronchi
Why must all 5 lung lobes be listened to when auscultating?
They are all supplied by different lobar bronchi
What is an example of a high pitched and low pitched sound heard during auscultation?
High - wheezing
Low - rhonchi (rattling/snoring)
Coughing involves stimulation of sensory receptors in the mucosa. Where may such receptors be located?
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
- Respiratory tree
Describe how a cough is produced
- Sensory (afferent) nerves stimulated
- Deep inspiration inititiated by CNS using diaphragm (phrenic nerve) and intercostal muscles (intercostal nerves)
- Adduction of vocal cord occurs - closes rim glottidis (vagus nerves)
- Contraction of anterolateral adbominal wall muscles stimulated by intercostal nerves
- Increased intra-abdominal pressure
- Vocal cord abduct abruptly opening rima glottidis (vagus nerves)
- Soft palate tenses (CN V) and elevates (vagus nerves) closing entrace to nasopharynx directing stream of air outwards through the oral cavity
What is the name of the space between vocal cords?
Rima glottidis
The glosspharyngeal nerve (CN IX) carries afferent sensory signals from where?
Oro and nasopharynx
Information from the laryngopharynx and larynx is relayed to the brain by which nerve?
Vagus nerve
(CN X)