Anatomy Test (All lectures) Flashcards by Alisha Murray

Movements of the cervical spine and head movements

Flexion
Extension
Lateral Flexion
Axial Rotation

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Upper cervical spine

C1 (atlas)

C2(axis)

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Atlanto-occipital joint movements

Primary: Flexion and extension
Secondary: Lateral flexion (both sides)

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Atlanto-axial joint movements

Axial rotation (“NO)

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3 internal craniocervical ligaments keeping the skull in place with vertebral column

Alar ligament
Cruciate ligament
Tectorial membrane

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Structures in the “floating” neck

hyoid and larynx

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Ligaments and membranes connecting trachea, laryngeal cartilages, hyoid, and skull (superior to inferior)

stylohyoid ligament
thyrohyoid membrane
cricothyroid ligaments
Cricotracheal ligament

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Deepest neck muscles (4)

1. Rectus capitis anterior
2 Rectus capitis lateralis 
3. Longus colli
4. Longus capitis 
5. Anterior scalene
6. Middle scalene
7. Posterior scalene

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(3) neck muscles

Suprahyoid mm
1. stylohyoid 
2. Posterior belly of digastric 
3. Anterior belly of digastric 
4. Mylohyoid
5. Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid mm
1. Omohyoid
2. Sternohyoid
3. Sternothyroid
4. Thyrohyoid
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

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(4) Neck muscles

Platysma

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A & N of rectus capitis anterior

A: flexion of head at atlanto-occipital joint
N: Branches of anterior rami of cervical spinal nerve C1

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A&N of rectus capitis lateralis

A: lateral flexion of the neck
N: Branches of anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

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A&N of longus colli

A: Flexion of neck anteroposteriorly
N: Branches of anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

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A&N of longus lateralis

A: Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint
N: Branches of anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

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A&N of anterior scalene

Elevate rib 1; Lateral neck flexion

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A&N of middle scalene

Elevate rib 1; Lateral neck flexion

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A&N of posterior scalene

Elevate rib 2; lateral neck flexion

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A&N of stylohyoid

A: pulls hyoid posterosuperiorly
N: Facial Nerve

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A&N of Posterior belly of digastric

A: pull hyoid up and back
N: Facial N.

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A&N of Anterior belly of digastric

A: open mouth by depressing mandible & raise hyoid
N: Nerve to mylohyoid

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Mylohyoid A&N

A: elevate floor of the mouth and hyoid
N: Nerve to mylohyoid

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A&N Geniohyoid

A: Mandible fixed-pull hyoid forward
Hyoid fixed- pulls mandible down and back
N: Branch of anterior ramus C1 (carried on CN XII)

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A&N Omohyoid

A: depress hyoid
N: Ansa cervicalis

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A&N sternohyoid

A: depress hyoid
N: Ansa cervicalis

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A&N sternothyroid

A: depress larynx N: Ansa cervicalis

A&N Thyrohyoid

A: Depress hyoid; when fixed it raises larynx N: Branch from anterior rami of C1 (carried on CNXII)

Trapezius

Depress, elevate, adduct scapula | N: Accessory nerve & Rami (C3-C4)

Sternocleidomastoid

N: Accessory N & branches from anterior rami (C2-C3)

Vertebral artery

blood to brainstem and posterior circulation to the brain

thyrocervical trunk

supply lower and deep neck and thyroid gland

costocervical trunk

deep and lateral neck

Carotid body

N: CN IX & X A: blood chemoreceptors

Carotid sinus

Baroreceptors | N: CN IX

Internal carotid

blood supply to the orbit, upper face, and the anterior circulation to the brain

External carotid

blood supply to the face, nasal and oral cavities, upper neck and scalp

Branches of external carotid (superior to inferior)

1. superior thyroid 2. ascending pharyngeal a 3. Lingual a 4. Facial a 5. Occipital 6. Posterior auricular a 7. Maxillary a 8. Superficial temporal a

Internal jugular vein

Drains from: endocranial space posterior scalp superficial face

External jugular vein

Drains from: 1. endocranial space via cavernous sinuses> pterygoid plexus 2. scalp 3. superficial and deep face via retromandibular vein

anterior rami of C1-C4 form

cervical plexus

Anterior rami of C5-T1 form

brachial plexus

Anterior rami of C3-5 form

phrenic nerve

Branches of individual anterior rami supply:

Deep and lateral muscles in the neck

muscular deep branches of cervical plexus supply

muscles that move the hyoid bone, mandible, and larynx

Eye

eyeball + optic nerve

Orbit

eye + adnexa

orbital region

orbit + surrounding facial structures

Periorbita

Periosteum in the oribit

Periorbita condenses to form _____

common tendinous ring (muscle attachment site)

Periorbita is continuous with:

1. periosteum on the external skull 2. dura mater at communications with the endocranium 3. orbital septum

thickening of the periorbita

common tendinous ring

Fibrous layer of eye

Sclera and cornea | * Blends with the bulbar fascia, providing attachment to extraocular muscles and supporting ligaments

Vascular layer of the eye

ciliary body (lens accomodation) & iris (pupil dilation/constriction)

Inner layer of the eye

``` Retina * Rods (light v dark) *Cones (wavelength) Macula lutea *Fovea centralis ```

Region that offers greatest visual sensitivity

Macula lutea

location where the optic nerve leaves the retina

optic disc

Optic nerve branches into....

central retinal artery spread out

Why don't we experience a blind spot?

Our brains interpolate what should be present in the hypothetical "blind spot" based off of what is around it.

What connects the lens to the ciliary body?

zonular fibers

ciliary muscle is innervated by...

PSNS from CNIII via ciliary ganglion

what modifies the shape of the lens via PSNS control?

ciliary body

Lens flattens, you see.....

far away

Lens rounds off, you see.....

close up

Changes shape of the pupil to allow more light to reach the retina

Smooth muscle in the iris

sphincter pupillae

under PSNS control constricts the pupillary opening | N: PSNS CNIII via ciliary ganglion

dilator pupillae

radially oriented and dilates the pupil | N: psns control by superior cervical ganglion

Anterior chamber in the eye

between iris and the cornea

Posterior chamber of eye

between iris and the lens

Postremal chamber

behind lens and occupies 4/5ths the total volume of the eyeball

Anterior and posterior chambers contain...

aqueous humor

Postremal chamber contains...

vitreous humor

Glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure from aqueous humor.

Insertion point for all extrinsic eye muscles

fibrous layer of the eyeball

Inferior oblique origin

maxilla on the medial floor of the orbit

Superior oblique origin

just outside the tendinous ring

Lateral rectus A

abducts the eye

Medial rectus A

adducts the eye

Superior oblique and inferior rectus coordinate to...

depress the eye

Inferior oblique and superior rectus coordinate to....

elevate the eye

oblique muscles

abduct eye

rectus muscles

adduct eye

Superior mm of eye do what?

intort

inferior muscles of eye do what?

extort

Name eye mm innervated by Oculomotor n.

1. Inferior oblique 2. Superior rectus 3. Medial rectus

Name eye mm. innervated by trochlear n.

1. superior oblique

Name eye muscles innervated by abducens n.

Lateral rectus

What is the purpose of the H test?

TO examine the functionality of the extra-ocular muscles in terms of the nerves that supply them.

Levator palpebrae superioris (A & N)

elevate eyelid voluntarily (skeletal m) | N: oculomotor n

Complete ptosis of the eye

denervation of oculomotor nerve to levator palpebrae superioris

partial ptosis of eye

denervation of SNS fibers from superior cervical ganglion to Superior tarsal m.

Eyelids and anterior surface of the eye are covered in

conjunctiva

Motor nerves (extraocular mm)

oculomotor trochlear abducens

Special sensory (vision)

optic nerve (II)

Sensory nerves (postganglionic pathways)

opthalmic (V1) * frontal * lacrimal * nasociliary

Visceral motor innervation from the oculomotor nerves

ciliary ganglion to innervate * ciliary muscle * sphincter pupillae

Trochlear nerve palsy

elevated and extorted eye

What do pts do that have trochlear nerve palsy?

rotate head to opposite side and tilt chin down to compensate

abducens palsy

Adducted pupil: horizontal diplopia

Patients who have abudcens palsy do what?

Turn head toward affected side

Oculomotor palsy

depressed and abducted eye with ptosis with dilated pupil and defective accomodation.

Frontal nerve branches into

supratrochlear and supra-orbital n

Sensory to nasal space, paranasal sinuses, anterior cranial fossa

anterior/posterio ethmoidal nn

Branches of nasociliary n

* Sensory root of ciliary ganglion * Long ciliary nerves * Short ciliary nerves (from ciliary ganglion) * Anterior/posterior ethmoidal nn

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery ______ pass through cavernous sinus

DO NOT