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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy Test 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Remember that to cause movement, a muscle must ______ this ______ the muscle and changes the distance between two bones

A

contract, shortens

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2
Q

Relationship between muscles and joints

A

-MOST muscles that cross a joint work around all axes of rotation associated with that joint (but best around 1 of those axes)

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3
Q

Since their action on the skeleton depends on WHERE they are located, you should be able to figure out the movements which muscles cause, by….

A
  • looking at the direction of the muscle fibers, how the muscle fibers contract and shorten?
  • determining which pair of movements around each axis that muscle may perform
  • will it flex or extend, abduct or adduct, medially or laterally rotate?
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4
Q

The biceps _____ and the distance between the arm and forearm is _____

A

contracts (shortens), reduced

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5
Q

Muscles never _____

A

push

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6
Q

When bending arm to touch face, what muscles, joints, rotation, and movement being done?

A

muscle: biceps
joint: elbow
axis of rotation: horizontal
movement: flexion

Generality: the muscles that cross the elbow joint move the forearm

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7
Q

The muscles that cross the SC joint move the ______

A

shoulder (sternoclavicular joint)

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8
Q

The muscles that cross the ______ move the shoulder

A

SC joint (sternoclavicular joint)

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9
Q

The muscles that cross the shoulder joint move the _____

A

arm

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10
Q

The muscles that cross the _______ move the arm

A

shoulder joint

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11
Q

The muscles that cross the elbow joint move the ______

A

forearm

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12
Q

the muscles that cross the _______ move the forearm

A

elbow joint

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13
Q

The muscles that cross the wrist joint move the _____

A

hand

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14
Q

The muscles that cross the ______ move the hand

A

wrist joint

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15
Q

The muscles that cross the joints of digits move the _______

A

fingers

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16
Q

The muscles that cross the ____________ move the fingers

A

joints of digits

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17
Q

Origin means…

A

fixed

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18
Q

Insertion means…

A

moved

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19
Q

Rule of thumb (muscles information)

A
  • most anterior muscles are flexors and MEDIAL ROTATORS (there are of course EXCEPTIONS) (for example from the knee down)
  • most posterior muscles are extensions and LATERAL ROTATORS (with some exceptions) (for example from the knee down)
  • abduction or adduction depend on whether muscle is superior or inferior to joint (Except: knee down)
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20
Q

Axial Muscles:

A
  • associated with head, vertebral column and thoracic cage

- =60% of skeletal muscles

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21
Q

Appendicular Muscles:

A
  • associated with pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs
  • =40% of skeletal muscles
  • appendicular muscles will out weigh the axial muscles because they are larger muscles
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22
Q

What are the muscle groups of the head and neck?

A
  • facial expression
  • mastication (chewing)
  • eye (control direction of our eye so where we are looking)
  • pharynx
  • tongue
  • larynx
  • move the head
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23
Q

Muscles of facial expression are…

A

frontalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus, buccinator, depressor labii inferioris

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24
Q

Frontalis

A

raises eyebrows

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25
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

puckers lips

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26
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

closes eye

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27
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

raises lip

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28
Q

Zygomaticus

A

smile

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29
Q

Buccinator

A

tightens cheecks

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30
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

pull lips down

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31
Q

What do these mean?

  • orbicularis
  • oculi
  • oris
  • labii
  • buccinator
A 
orbicularis=circle
oculi=eye
oris=mouth
labii=lips
buccinator=cheek
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32
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

“masseter”=chewer

  • muscles attach to the mandible
  • if you clench your teeth you can feel these muscles contract
  • mandible elevators
  • masseter and temporalis
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33
Q

Anterior Muscles of the Neck

A
  • Suprahyoid muscles elevate hyoid bone and depress mandible
  • chewing, swallowing, talking, singing
  • Infrahyoid muscles depress hyoid bone and elevate larynx and pharynx
  • head extensor/neck rotator
  • sternocleidomastoid, insertion is at the mastoid process, helps with moving head
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34
Q

Posterior Muscles of the Neck

A

-Longissimus capitis (cut), semispinalis captious, and longissimus capitis are head (neck) extensors

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35
Q

Muscles of the vertebral column

A
  • the overworked muscle group
  • extend trunk (keep the trunk erect)
  • helps us stand and sit upright
  • series of small muscles that keep adding more and interconnect, like a french braid
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36
Q

Muscles of the Anterior Body Wall (1)

A
  • 2 intercostals maintain distance between ribs
  • 2 obliques rotate trunk
  • transverse abdominis flattens abdomen
  • rectus abdominis flexus trunk
  • internal and external obliques are used when doing like crunches where you move outwards (or side)
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37
Q

Muscles of Anterior Body Wall (2)

A
  • 3 layers of the abdominal muscles in cross section superficial to deep
  • rectus abdominis fibers run up and down
  • diaphragm is the primary muscle respiration
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38
Q

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

A
  • urethral sphincter and anal sphincter
  • controls urination and defecation
  • contract to hold in pee and relax to pee
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39
Q

Muscles associated with an appendage are ______

A

layered

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40
Q

Anterior Trunk Muscle

A
  • shoulder protractor
  • pulls scapula into back
  • serratus anterior
  • winged scapula-serratus anterior weak
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41
Q

Posterior Trunk Muscles

A
  • shoulder elevators, depressors and retractors
  • weight bearing
  • attach to anterior surface of scapula
  • shrug shoulders and move backwards to exercise the trapezius
  • retraction adduction downward rotation
  • levator scapulae, rhomboid group, rhomboid major (deep)
  • trapezius (superficial)
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42
Q

Shoulder muscle

A
  • arm abductor
  • deltoid
  • superficial
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43
Q

Anterior and Posterior Trunk Muscles

A
  • arm medial rotator horizontal adduction=pectoralis major
  • arm extensor medial rotator=latissimus dorsi
  • superficial
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44
Q

Anterior Shoulder Muscle

A
  • Subscapularis=rotator cuff
  • arm rotator; it mainly protects the joint and stabilize
  • deep
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45
Q

Posterior shoulder muscles

A
  • 4 muscles: SIT s
  • rotator cuff
  • subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus
  • not teres major
  • arm adductor
  • deep
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46
Q

Anterior Arm Muscles

A
  • joints are crossed
  • deep
  • biceps is also a supinator
  • coracobrachialis, biceps brachia short head, biceps brachia long head, brachial
  • arma and forearm FLEXORS
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47
Q

Posterior Arm Muscles

A
  • triceps brachia long head, triceps brachia lateral head
  • arm and forearm EXTENSOR
  • triceps means three heads
  • joints crossed
  • deep
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48
Q

Anterior Forearm Muscles (1)

A
  • pronator teres, brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes the carpals)
  • you can name most forearm muscles by where their tendons attach
  • wrist flexors, ct pronator
  • superficial
  • travels right along radius, hand shake muscle
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49
Q

Anterior Forearm Muscles (2)

A
  • flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus
  • deep
  • finter and thumb flexors
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50
Q

Posterior Forearm Muscles (1)

A
  • extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum
  • writs and finger extensor
  • superficial
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51
Q

Posterior Forearm Muscles (2)

A
  • supinator (deeper), tendon of extensor pollicis longus (deep)
  • thumb extensors, ct supinators
  • supinator and pronator form a “V” shape
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52
Q

Hand Muscles

A

-palmar surface
-dorsal surface
-thenar compartment
-hypothenarcompartment
abductors and adductors are intrinsic in the hand, so they are inside the hand

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53
Q

Thenar

A

thumb

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54
Q

Hypo

A

little

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55
Q

Gluteal Muscles (1)

A
  • hip extensors and abductors
  • gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, gluteus minimus, iliotibial tract
  • IT Band Problems for runners (iliotibial tract)
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56
Q

Gluteal Muscles (2)

A
  • hip “lateral rotators”

- piriformis and sciatica

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57
Q

Muscles of the Pelvis and Medial Thigh

A
  • Iliopsoas, iliacus, psoas major are hip flexors

- adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis are hip adductors

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58
Q

muscles of the Posterior Thigh

A
  • easy muscles to tear
  • hamstrings
  • all hip extensors and knee flexors because they are biarticular muscles
  • semitendinosus, biceps femoris long head, semimembranosus, biceps femoris short head
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59
Q

Muscles of Anterior Thigh

A
  • quadriceps, this muscle group is the only one that extends the knee
  • group of 4 muscles located on the anterior of knee
  • uniarticular muscles (all 3 vastus muscles)
  • rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
  • sartorius does not do what other quadriceps do
  • knee flexor runs medially
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60
Q

Muscles of the Anterior Leg

A
  • toe and foot extensors (dorsiflexors)
  • tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
  • tibialis anterior- biarticular muscle, crosses ankle anteriorly
  • shin splints
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61
Q

Muscles of the lateral leg

A
  • foot flexors (plantar flexors)
  • eversion
  • fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
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62
Q

Muscles of Posterior leg

A
  • gastrocnemius lateral head, gastrocnemius medial head, soles, are superficial
  • foot flexors (plantar flexors)
  • smaller ankles, can jump higher and run faster vs. those with larger calfs
  • calcaneal tendon attaches to the calcareous, aka achilles tendon
  • toe flexors
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63
Q

Dorsal foot muscles

A

-toe extensors

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64
Q

Plantar foot muscles

A

-toe flexors

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65
Q

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  • central nervous system (CNS), includes all nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS), includes all nervous tissue outside of the (“peripheral to”) the CNS, the peripheral nerves
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66
Q

Functions of the CNS (1) (sensory)

A
  • to interpret sensory information from the PNS
  • this is incoming or afferent information:
  • that is, sensations (pain, temperature, touch)
  • from inside and outside the body
  • example: you just ate; your stomach gets stretched. You just touched something; it feels HOT!
  • CNS=the commander
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67
Q

Functions of the CNS (2) (motor)

A
  • to send motor responses to the PNS
  • these are outgoing or efferent commands:
  • that is, signals that produce movement
  • it controls the actions of muscles in the organs and systems in response to sensations
  • Example: your stretched stomach muscles contract to churn the food. You contract a series of skeletal muscles to withdraw your hand from he hot object
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68
Q

Functions of the CNS (3)

A
  • to process and coordinate “higher functions”
  • conscious (aware)
  • intelligence (ability to recall info)
  • memory (storing information)
  • learning (how get info)
  • emotions
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69
Q

Functions of the PNS

A
  • To deliver sensory information
  • from receptors in the periphery (that is, in skin and muscles)
  • to the CNS
  • To deliver motor commands
  • from the CNS
  • to muscles in the periphery
70
Q

The Divisions of the Motor portion of the PNS (1)

A
  • Somatomotor Nervous System (somata=body wall)
  • These nerves control skeletal muscle contractor
  • Skeletal muscles are associated with:
  • Skeleton that is, the body wall
  • voluntary (conscious) muscle contractions
  • some reference (involuntary muscle contractions)
71
Q

The 2 Divisions of the MOTOR portion of the PNS (2)

A
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • AKA visaromotor nervous system
  • these nerves influence smooth and cardiac muscle contractions
  • smooth and cardiac muscles are associated with:
  • visceral organs (heart, blood vessels, gut)
  • involuntary (unconscious) contractions
  • glandular secretions (saliva, sweat, tears, gastric juices) because glands are surrounded by smooth muscle
72
Q

The 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Sympathetic division:
  • stimulates the body
  • fight or flight (heart rate up)
  • no clue how it got its name because it is NOT SYMPATHETIC
  • Parasympathetic division:
  • relaxes the body
  • rest and dies (heart rate down)
  • “para”= “around” and this system works around the sympathetic
73
Q

Two Basic Cell Types of Nervous Tissue

A
  1. Neurons (nerve cells):
    - communicates with send signals to other neurons or muscles in the body
    - the longest cell
  2. Neuroglia cells:
    - support the neurons
    - regulate the ionic environment around neurons
    - are essential for the survival and proper functioning of neurons
    - act like the secret service for the neurons
74
Q

Glia=

A

glue

75
Q

Components of a typical Neuron (1)

A
  • Cell body:
  • contains the nucleus, all the typical organelles
  • receives and sums incoming signals from other neurons
  • Dendrites:
  • may short branches extending from the cell body
  • receive incoming signals from other neurons
  • information flows from left to right
  • 80% of our dendrites form after birth, basically means as babies we are helpless
76
Q

Components of a typical Neuron (2)

A
  • Axon “nerve fiber”: 1/cell:
  • 1 long, thin extension off the cell body
  • carries outgoing signals to other neurons or to muscle
  • Synaptic or nerve terminals:
  • ends of the axon
  • transfer signals to other cells
77
Q

An Action Potential

A
  • Is an electrical signal
  • that travels along the axon
  • is transmitted (transferred) between two cells
  • at the synapse from the presynaptic neuron’s nerve terminals to postsynaptic cell (another neuron/a muscle cell)
78
Q

Synapse

A
  • is the site of contact between a neuron’s terminals and another cell
  • this is how a neuron communicates with other cells
79
Q

Types of Synapses

A
  • Neuron/neuron junction:
  • a synapse between two neurons
  • Neuromuscular junction (NMJ):
  • a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber
80
Q

Neuron Cell Types

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
81
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

neurons to deliver/interpret sensory information

82
Q

Motor Neurons

A

neurons to deliver motor commands

83
Q

Interneurons

A
  • neurons between (“inter”) other neurons

- to integrate information: e.g. CNS interneurons process and coordinate “HIGHER FUNCTIONS”

84
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • to detect (“receive”) sensations, pain, temperature, touch
  • are also neurons usually
  • all this info is carried to the CNS on PNS sensory nerves
  • Physical to Electrical
85
Q

Glial Cells are found in ________ and ________.

A

peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

86
Q

Glial cells comprise ______ of the volume of the nervous system.

A

50%

87
Q

Schwann

A
  • surrounded axons in PNS
  • are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
  • participate in repair process after injury
88
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Myelinate CNS axons
  • provide structural framework
  • looks like a hot dog bun
  • myelin helps protect axons
89
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • maintain blood brain barrier
  • provide structural support
  • regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations
  • absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
  • form scar tissue after injury
  • part of CNS
90
Q

Microglia

A
  • removes cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

- part of CNS

91
Q

Myelination

A
  • Myelin:
  • is composed of lipids (actually the glia’s cell membrane that wraps around and around the axon!)
  • insulates axons (like the insulation around a copper wire)
  • increases the speed of action potentials
  • Myelin is like fat, not good conductor of electricity
92
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • myelinate axons in the PNS

- 1 Schwann cell myelinated only 1 segment of 1 axon

93
Q

Oligodendroglial Cells

A
  • myelinate axons in the CNS

- 1 Oligodendroglial myelinated only 1 axon segment, but of many axons

94
Q

Axons are not _____, they are a part of ______.

A

nerves, neurons

95
Q

The Spinal Meninges

A
  • Connective tissue layers:
  • wraps around the spinal cord from the most superficial to the deepest
  • provide the spinal cord with:
    1. protection
    2. oxygen and nutrients (via the blood vessels)
  • dura mater (dense irregular C.T.)
  • Arachnoid (loose connective tissue)
  • Pia Mater (loose connective tissue)
96
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • In a space between arachnoid and pia matter
  • this is called the subarachnoid space
  • it contains CSF
97
Q

CSF provides the spinal cord with:

A
  • Chemical protection:
  • has an ionic composition similar to blood
  • provides nutrients and removes wastes from the neuronal tissue
  • Physical protection:
  • it absorbs shocks
  • it allows the spinal cord to “float” in the vertebral canal
98
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Vertebrae:

A

-Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

99
Q

Th Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina

A
  • conus medullaris
  • the caudal end of the spinal cord (cns)
  • cauda equina
  • means “horse’s tail”
  • spinal nerves inferior to the conus modulars (pns)
100
Q

The spinal cord ends at vertebral level _____ and only _____ _____ extend below the ______ vertebra.

A

L2, spinal nerves, L2

101
Q

Spinal Cord Divisions (CNS)

A

-the spinal cord is divided into gray matter and white matter

102
Q

(Inner) Gray Matter of the SP.C (CNS)

A
  • Composed of neuron cell bodies:
  • Dorsal (posterior) gray matter:
  • cell bodies of sensory neurons receive and sum signals from PNS sensory neurons
  • Ventral (anterior) gray matter:
  • all bodies of motor neurons receive and sums signals from brain motor neurons
103
Q

(Outer) White Matter of the SP. C (CNS)

A
  • Surrounds the gray matter
  • Contains ascending and descending fiber (axons) pathways
  • the ascending pathways relay sensory info from the spinal cord to the brain (dorsal afferent)
  • descending pathways relay motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord (ventral)
104
Q

Spinal Nerves (PNS)

A
  • peripheral nerves (bundles of axons)
  • mixed nerves:
  • contain axons from both sensory and motor neurons
105
Q

Near the Spinal cord the spinal nerve divides into (1)

A
  • a dorsal root:
  • contains axons whose cell bodies are in a dorsal root ganglion (a collection of neuron cell bodies)
  • carry sensory info from peripheral receptor to the spic
106
Q

Near the Spinal Cord the Spinal nerves divide into (2)

A
  • and a ventral root:
  • contains axon whose cell bodies are in the spic
  • carry motor info from the spinal cord to muscles
107
Q

A spinal nerve travels through an _________ __________.

A

intervertebral foramen

108
Q

Each spinal nerve contains thousands of axons surrounded by __________ _________ wrappings

A

connective tissue

109
Q

Different connective tissue wrappings (spinal nerve and axons)

A

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

110
Q

Epineurium

A
  • the outermost layer
  • surrounds entire spinal nerve
  • composed of dense irregular connective tissue
111
Q

Perineurium

A
  • wraps axons into fascicles (smaller axon bundles)

- composed of dense irregular connective tissue

112
Q

Endoneurium

A
  • surrounds individual axons
  • composed of loose connective tissue
  • just outside of the Schwann cell!
113
Q

Lesion of spinal nerve: “polyneuropathy” both _____ and _____ nerves affected.

A

sensory and motor

114
Q

Lesion of spinal nerve: “polyneuropathy” both sensory and motor nerves affected. Characteristics and causes

A

-loss of sensations and muscle paralysis starting distally at toes and fingers and moving proximally

  • Some causes:
    1. Diabetes
    2. Nutritional problems, alcoholism (neurotoxic; nerve degeneration)
    3. Some infections, ex: guillain barre syndrome (aka psotinfectious polyneuritis)

(autoimmune disease following viral or bacterial infection; myelin attacked)

115
Q
  1. Lesion of Dorsal root: _____ axons affected
A

sensory

116
Q
  1. Lesion of Dorsal root: sensory axons affected. Characteristics and causes
A

Characteristics: pain, tingling, or numbness
Some causes: injury (herniated disk), herpes zoster virus (shingles) (flare up of latent chicken pox virus leading to inflammation in DRG)

117
Q
  1. Lesion of ventral root ____ axons affected.
A

motor

118
Q
  1. Lesion of ventral root motor axons affected. Characteristics and causes
A

Characteristics: muscle paralysis
Most common cause:
-polio virus (virus that destroys motor nerves)

119
Q
  1. Spinal nerve lesion
  2. Dorsal root lesion
  3. Ventral root lesion

a. sensory loss only (pain, numbness)
b. motor loss only (muscle paralysis)
c. sensory and motor loss

A
  1. -c
  2. -a
  3. -b
120
Q

Intercostal Nerves

A
  • spinal nerves that travel between ribs
  • ribs keep them separated
  • innervate: mixed
  • muscles of the trunk, motor axons do this
  • skin of the trunk, sensory axons do this
121
Q

Spinal Nerve Plexuses

A
  • Plexus=an interwoven mesh of axons
  • Sp.N above and below the ribs form “plexuses”
  • innervate:
  • muscles of the neck and limbs motor, motor axons do this
  • skin of the neck and limbs, sensory axons do this
122
Q

The Major Spinal Nerve Plexuses

A
  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbosacral plexus
123
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Innervates:

  • muscles (motor axons) and skin (sensory axons) of neck
  • motor to muscles and sensory from skin to neck
124
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Innervates:

  • muscles (motor axons) and skin (sensory axons) of pectoral girdle and upper limbs
  • axillary nerve
  • median nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • radial nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
125
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Innervates:

-muscles (motor axons) and skin (sensory axons) of pelvic girdle and lower limb

126
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: muscles of all anterior (flexor arm)

Its sensory innervation: skin of anterior forearm

127
Q

Median Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: most muscles of anterior (flexor) forearm

Its sensory innervation: skin of hand

128
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: most muscles of hand

Its sensory innervation: skin of hand

129
Q

Radial Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: all muscles of posterior (extensor) arm and forearm

Its sensory innervation: skin of posterior arm, forearm, and hand

130
Q

Axillary Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: muscles of shoulder

Its sensory innervation: skin of shoulder

131
Q

The nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus

A
  • genitofemoral nerve
  • iliophypogastric nerve
  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  • orbturator nerve
  • femoral nerve
  • superior and inferior part of Gluteal nerves
  • sciatic nerve
  • saphenous nerve
132
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: all muscles of anterior thigh

Its sensory innervation: skin of anterior thigh

133
Q

Obturator Nerve

A

Its motor innervation: all muscles of medial thigh

Its sensory innervation: skin of medial thigh

-groin region

134
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

It’s motor innervation: muscles of posterior thigh all thigh and leg and foot

Its sensory innervation: skin of posterior thigh all leg and foot

  • note that the sciatic nerve divides into the:
  • Tibial nerve (medial, like the bone!)
  • Fibular nerve (lateral, like the bone!)
135
Q

The Cranial Meniges

A

3 layers:

  • dura mater
  • drachnoid matter
  • pia matter

Function:
-protection of the brain from trauma and of cerebral blood vessels

136
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • surrounds the entire CNS (in the subarachnoid space)
  • Functions of CSF:
  • cushions the brain
  • provides nutrients to the brain
  • removes wastes from the brain
137
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A
  • series of fluid-filled chambers deep in the brain

- function: to synthesize and secrete (cerebrospinal fluid)(CSF)

138
Q

Major Regions of the Brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • brianstem
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
139
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part of CNS
  • associated with conscious thoughts and behaviors
  • conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
  • memory storage and processing
  • conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
  • Also controls higher mental functions (intelligence, memory, learning, emotions)
140
Q

Mid Brain

A
  • processing of visual and auditory date
  • generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
  • maintenance of consciousness
141
Q

Pons

A
  • Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

- subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

142
Q

Medulla

A
  • Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem
  • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
143
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordinates complex somatic motor patterns

- adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

144
Q

Gray and White Matter of the Cerebrum

A
  1. Gray Matter
    - composed of neuron cell bodies:
  2. outer surface of the brain called the cerebral cortex
  3. and some deep areas (the colored regions)
  4. White Matter
    - composed of myelinated axons deep to the cerebral cortex
    - axons run inward
145
Q

The Cerebral Cortex (1/2)

A

-longitudinal fissure separates cerebral cortex into right and left hemispheres

  • the lateral cerebral cortex of each hemisphere is divided into:
  • Frontal lobe (somatomotor) (only sends messages to skeletal muscles)
  • Parietal Lobe (somatosensory) (info. coming from the skin)
  • Temporal lobe (audition, hearing)
  • Occipital lobe (vision)
146
Q

The Cerebral Cortex (3) (Gyri and Sulci)

A
  • Gyri and Sulci increase surface are of each hemisphere
  • Gyrus (bulge)
  • Sulcus (invagination)

-some bulges and invaginations are the same for every human being, but sometimes they are different

147
Q

The Cerebral Cortex (4) Lateral Sulcus

A

-it separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobes

148
Q

The Cerebral Cortex (5) Central Sulcus

A

-it separates frontal lobes from parietal lobes

149
Q

Primary Moto and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (1) Precentral Gyrus

A
  • anterior to central sulcus
  • part of the frontal lobe
  • called the primary somatomotor region
  • associated with simple movements (flex/extend a limb)
150
Q

Motor Homunculus

A
  • neurons in the primary motor cortex correspond point by point with specific regions of the body
  • motor homunculus on primary motor cortex of left cerebral hemisphere
  • the homunculus provides an indication of the degree of fine motor control for different body regions:
  • hands, face, and tongue are capable of complex movements appear very large (many neurons control their muscles)
  • the trunk is relatively small (fewer neurons)
  • motor commands go out of the brain to the skeletal muscles, if you cut a nerve you cut an axon
  • axons carry info from a neuron cell body

-hand, foot, or etc… might twitch when stimulated by electrodes

151
Q

Primary Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (2) Postcentral Gyrus

A
  • posterior to central sulcus
  • part of parietal lobe
  • is the primary somatosensory region
  • associated with basic sensations (pain, temperature)
152
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A
  • the representation of the human body of the primary sensory cortex
  • sensory homunculus of left cerebral hemisphere
  • the number of neurons in the sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region is not proportional to the size of that body region, but to the number of sensory receipts associated with that body region
  • might feel pain, or hotness like something on fire when stimulated by electrodes, feel sensation
  • these areas are more sensitive
  • more receptors coming into this region of the brain, which is why more sensitive
  • sending more descriminate sensations
  • lips, genitalia, toes, hand, etc…
153
Q

Primary special sensory of the cerebral cortex: Primary visual cortex

A
  • basic info from visual receptors (light vs dark)

- part of occipital lobe

154
Q

Primary special sensory of the cerebral cortex: Primary auditory cortex

A
  • basic info from auditory receptor (a tone)

- part of temporal lobe

155
Q

Primary special sensory of the cerebral cortex: Primary Olfactory cortex

A
  • basic info from olfactory receptors (simple odor) (your nose)
  • part of temporal lobe
156
Q

List the primary special sensory’s of the cerebral cortex

A
  • primary visual cortex
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary olfactory cortex
157
Q

Association Cortex (areas)

A
  • The rest (MOST) (i.e.neuron cell bodies) of the cerebral cortex
  • for “higher order info”
  • Sensory association cortex: interprets sensory info, how do I FEEL about that pain in my arm
  • Motor association cortex: plans, coordinates complex motor info, opening a can of pop
158
Q

Examples of Association Areas: Speech Centers

A
  • Wernicke’s area= the sensory region for understanding speech being spoken to you
  • Broca’s area= the motor region for speaking (that is, replying to what has been spoken to you)
  • Ex: Gabby Gifford had a gun shot wound to the broker’s area
  • so she can understand what people are saying because wrenches’ area was fine, but can not talk or write because Broca’s are is affected
159
Q

Examples of Association Areas: Prefrontal Cortex

A

-important for associations between actions and their consequences, reason, moral judgments, appropriate behavior, working memory (short term memory) and consciousness, self awareness, willpower

  • Prefrontal lobotomy: prevents the above from occurring
  • Pre= meaning more anterior
  • individuals with a lot of concussions often fall into depression, rage outburst, alzheimers, due to damage to prefrontal cortex
  • strokes in prefrontal cortex often go unnoticed in nursing homes, result in little behavior changes, called minor strokes
  • Phineus gage
  • rod in head
  • changed who ppl. though of brain
160
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A
  1. internal capsule:
    - axons that connect neuron cell bodies between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord
  2. association fibers:
    - axons that connect neuron cell bodies (that is, cortical regions) within 2 hemispheres
    - Ex: between somatosensory and somatomotor neurons
  3. corpus callosum
    - axons that connect neuron cell bodies between the hemispheres
161
Q

Principle functions of the cerebrum

A
  1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite (contralateral) side of body
  2. The 2 hemispheres have some different functions although their structures are alike (ex: speech is primarily associated with the left hemisphere)
162
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

A
  • each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions not performed by the other hemisphere
  • the corpus callosum informs one side as to what the other is doing
  • in most people, the left hemisphere is considered dominant
163
Q

The discovery of hemispheric differences

A
  • the left hemisphere is associated with speech

- the right hemisphere is associated with manipulative tasks

164
Q

The Limbic System

A

-consists of cell bodies and axon tracts (colored regions) of the medial cerebral cortex that are associated with: emotions and memory

165
Q

Thalamus

A
  • “gateway to the brain”
  • a group of neuron cell bodies that process sensory info from the spinal cord
  • send it to the cerebral cortex (consciousness)
166
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • hypo=below
  • Has 3 roles:
  • As nervous tissue: controls the ANS
  • As the Integrator between the nervous and endocrine systems: Secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cell secretion in the pituitary gland
  • As an Endocrine organ: secretes the hormones ADH and oxytocin, oxytocin released it is a smooth muscle contraction
  • Oxytocin released in labor and stress
  • ADH= antidiarreatichormones
167
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • major endocrine gland (hormone producer)
  • connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum (stalk)

-infundibulum is what attaches the pituitary gland

168
Q

The Basal Ganglia

A
  • neuron cell bodies embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum
  • involved with: planning movements before they occur
  • pathology associated with Parkinson’s Disease, resting tremor
  • deep gray matter
169
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • means “the little cerebrum”
  • contains neuron cell bodies and axon tracts
  • involved with: intention tremor, coordination and balance of movements as they occur
  • refinement of skills also associated with this area
  • learning a new motor skill
170
Q

The Brain Stem, location and components

A
  • location: between spinal cord and cerebrum

- Components: midbrain, pons, medulla

171
Q

Function of the Brain Stem

A
  • composed of axons carrying information between spinal cord and cerebral cortex which extend out and form 12 pairs of cranial nerves to control most basic functions necessary for survival, including:
  • breathing
  • heart rate
  • digestion
  • circulation

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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