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MEDI2101 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory System > Anatomy Test > Flashcards

Anatomy Test Flashcards

1
Q

Identification List

A

1.Frontal bone
4.Sphenoid bone
5.Occipital bone
8.Maxilla (x2)
9.Zygomatic bone
10.Inferior nasal concha (x2)
11.Nasal bone (x2)
12.Ethmoid bone
14.Vomer

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2
Q

Identification List

A

1.Sphenoid bone
2.Parietal bone (x2)
3.Temporal bone (x2)
5.Occipital bone
6.Ethmoid bone
7.Lacrimal bone (x2)
8.Maxilla (x2)
13.Mandible (x2)

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3
Q

Name the 14 facial bones?

Identification List

A

Nasal bone (x2)
Palatine bone (x2)
Lacrimal bones (x2)
Zygomatic bones (x2)
Maxilla bone (x2)
Inferior nasal conchae (x2)
Vomer bone
Mandible

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4
Q

Name the 8 cranial bones?

Identification List

A

Parietal bones (x2)
Temporal bones (x2)
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

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5
Q

What bones contribute to the anterior cranial fossa?

Identification List

A

Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone

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6
Q

What bones contribute to the middle anterior fossa?

Identification List

A

Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone

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7
Q

What bones contribute to the posterior cranial fossa?

Identification List

A

Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone

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8
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Frontal PS
  2. Sphenoid PS
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9
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Maxillary PS
  2. Sphenoid PS
  3. Ethmoid PS
  4. Frontal PS
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10
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Sphenoid PS
  2. Frontal PS
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11
Q

Identification List

A

Ethmoid PS

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12
Q

Cranial foramina that CN I (olfactory) passes?

Identification List

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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13
Q

Cranial foramina that CN V (trigeminal) passes?

Identification List

A

V1 (ophthalmic) = superior orbital fissure
V2 (maxillary) = foramen rotundum
V3 (mandibular) = foramen ovale

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14
Q

Cranial foramina that CN IX (glossopharyngeal) passes?

Identification List

A

Jugular foramen

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15
Q

Cranial foramina that CN X (vagus) passes?

Identification List

A

Jugular foramen

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16
Q

Identification List

A
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17
Q

Identification List

A
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18
Q

Identification List

A

Sella turcica

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19
Q

Function of CN I (olfactory)?

Identification List

A

Transmits olfaction (sense of smell)

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20
Q

Function of CN V (trigeminal)?

Identification List

A

Chewing and the sensation of the face

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21
Q

Function of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?

Identification List

A
  1. Shortens and widens the pharynx during swallowing
  2. Elevate the larynx during swallowing
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22
Q

Function of CN X (vagus)?

Identification List

A

Stimulate smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions in several organs

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23
Q

Mnemonic for cranial nerve functions?

Identification List

A

Some (CN I)
Say
Marry
Money
But (CN V)
My
Brother
Says
Big (CN IX)
Brains (CN X)
Matter
More

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24
Q

Identification List

A
  1. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
  2. CN I (olfactory)
  3. CN V (trigeminal)
  4. CN X (vagus)
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25
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Middle nasal meatus
  2. Superior nasal meatus
  3. Inferior nasal meatus
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26
Q

Which paranasal sinuses drain into each of the meatuses?

Identification List

A

Superior NM = posterior ethmoid PS

Middle NM = frontal (via frontonasal duct), anterior ethmoid (via ethmoidal bulla), middle ethmoid (via ethmoidal bulla) and maxillary PS (via semilunar hiatus)

Inferior NM = nasolacrimal duct

Sphenoethmoidal recess = sphenoid PS

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27
Q

Which sinus is most likely to become infected? Why?

Identification List

A

Maxillary. Gravity does not assist drainage and ostium is quite small meaning it is easily blocked (polyps/inflammation etc)

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28
Q

Identification List

A

Opening for pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube

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29
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube connect?

Identification List

A

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

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30
Q

Why does opening and closing your jaw help to ‘pop’ your ears?

Identification List

A

Eustachian or Pharyngotympanic tube connects the pharynx with the middle ear. Opening and closing the jaw can cause the tube to ‘repressurize’

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31
Q

What are the pharynx and larynx continuous with?

Identification List

A

Pharynx = oesophagus
Larynx = tracha

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32
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

Identification List

A

Phonation

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33
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsil
  2. Lingual tonsil
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34
Q

Identification List

A

Palatine tonsil

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35
Q

Which tonsil is located at the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube?

Identification List

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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36
Q

Identify the boundaries/surface anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Identification List

A

Superior = inferior border of the mandible

Medial = sagittal line of the neck

Lateral = anterior border of the SCM

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37
Q

What are the sub triangles of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Identification List

A

Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular
Submental

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38
Q

Contents of the submandibular triangle?

Identification List

A

Submandibular (salivary) gland
Lymph nodes
Facial artery

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39
Q

Contents of the carotid triangle?

Identification List

A

Common carotid artery
Bifurcation of common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
CN X (vagus)
CN XII (hypoglossal)

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40
Q

Contents of the muscular triangle?

Identification List

A

SPPIT

Suprahyoid muscles
Pharynx
Parathyroid gland
Infrahyoid muscles
Thyroid gland

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41
Q

Contents of the submental triangle?

Identification List

A

Submental lymph nodes

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42
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Identification List

A

Anterior = SCM

Posterior = anterior border of the trapezius

Inferior = middle 1/3 of the clavicle

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43
Q

Contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Identification List

A

PLC, BED, SSS

Post belly omohyoid
Levator scapulae
CN XI

Brachial Plexus
External jugular
Distal subclavian artery

Subclavian vein
Splenius capitis
Scalene muscles

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44
Q

What is the major nervous structure in the posterior triangle of the neck?

Identification List

A

Brachial plexus

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45
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Hyoid bone
  3. Cricoid cartilage
  4. Cricothyroid muscle
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46
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
  3. Cricoid cartilage
  4. Thyroid cartilage
  5. Oblique arytenoid muscle
  6. Transverse arytenoid muscle
  7. Corniculate cartilage
  8. Hyoid bone
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47
Q

Identification List

A
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48
Q

Identification List

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

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49
Q

Identification List

A
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50
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Splenius Capitis
  2. Levator Scapulae
  3. Middle Scalene
  4. Anterior Scalene
  5. Inferior belly of Omohyoid
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51
Q

What nerve innervates the larynx?

Identification List

A

CN X (vagus)

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52
Q

What intrinsic muscles do the branches of the vagus nerve supply to the larynx?

Identification List

A

Superior laryngeal nerve = motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

Inferior laryngeal nerve = motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid)

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53
Q

Identification List

A
  1. CN X (Vagus) nerve
  2. Superior laryngeal nerve
  3. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  4. Inferior laryngeal nerve
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54
Q

What arteries supply blood to the larynx?

Identification List

A

Superior laryngeal artery
Inferior laryngeal artery

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55
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Subclavian artery
  2. Thyrocervical artery
  3. Inferior thyroid artery
  4. Common carotid artery (the slides have it labelled as the external carotid artery)
  5. Superior thyroid artery
  6. Superior laryngeal artery
  7. Inferior laryngeal artery
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56
Q

Identify the pathway of the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries?

Identification List

A

Subclavian artery –> Thyrocervical artery –> Inferior thyroid artery –> Inferior laryngeal artery

External carotid artery –> Superior thyroid artery –> Superior laryngeal artery

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57
Q

What veins drain blood from the larynx?

Identification List

A

Superior laryngeal vein
Inferior laryngeal vein

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58
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Internal jugular vein
  2. Superior thyroid vein
  3. Superior laryngeal vein
  4. Inferior laryngeal vein
  5. Inferior thyroid vein
  6. Brachiocephalic vein
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59
Q

Identify the pathway of the superior and inferior laryngeal veins?

Identification List

A

Superior laryngeal vein –> Superior thyroid vein –> Internal jugular vein

Inferior laryngeal vein –> Inferior thyroid vein –> Brachiocephalic vein

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60
Q

What is this?

Identification List

A

Vallecula recess:
A gap (i.e. recess) that sits behind the tongue and in front of the epiglottis (between them both).

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61
Q

Identification List

A

Piriform recess

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62
Q

What is the clinical significance of the piriform and vallecula recesses in stroke patients?

Identification List

A
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63
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic inlet?

Identification List

A

Anterior = superior border of the manubrium

Posterior = first thoracic vertebrae

Lateral = First ribs and their costal cartilages

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64
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic inlet?

Identification List

A

Anterior = xiphoid process of the sternum

Posterior = 12th thoracic vertebrae

Medial-lateral = ribs 7-10 costal cartilages

Lateral = 12th pair or ribs

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65
Q

Identification List

A

1.Aortic hiatus
4.Central tendon
6.Muscular part (sternal, costal)
11.Caval hiatus
12.Left crura
14.Median arcuate ligament
15.Oesophageal hiatus
18.Right crura

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66
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Central tendon
  2. Muscular part (mostly costal)
  3. Right crura
  4. Left crura
  5. Median arcuate ligament
    A. Caval hiatus
    B. Oesophageal hiatus
    C. Aortic hiatus
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67
Q

Which spinal cord nerve roots innervate the diaphragm?

Identification List

A

Phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical spinal cord nerve roots (C3, C4 and C5)

**Left phrenic nerve supplies the left central dome
** Right phrenic nerve supplies the right central dome

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68
Q

At what level of the vertebrae are the hiatuses located?

Identification List

A

Caval = T8
Oesophageal = T10
Aortic = T12

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69
Q

What structures pass through the caval hiatus?

Identification List

A

Inferior vena cava
Terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve

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70
Q

What structures pass through the oesophageal hiatus?

Identification List

A

Oesophagus
Left and right vagus trunks
Oesophageal branches of the gastric vessels
Lymph vessels

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71
Q

What structures pass through the aortic hiatus?

Identification List

A

Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein

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72
Q

What are the primary muscles involved in respiration?

Identification List

A

Diaphragm
Internal intercostal muscle
External intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

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73
Q

What are the accessory muscles involved in respiration?

Identification List

A

Scalene muscle
Subcostal muscle
Transversus thoracis

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74
Q

What are the muscles used in normal respiration?

A

Normal inhalation = diaphragm, external intercostal muscle

Normal exhalation = passive movement

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75
Q

What are the muscles used in forced respiration?

A

Forced inhalation = transversus thoracis, subcostal muscle, scalene muscle

Forced exhalation = internal intercostal muscle, abdominal muscles

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76
Q

Identification List

A

A. External intercostal muscle
B. Internal intercostal muscle

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77
Q

Identification List

A

A. Scalene muscle
B. Subcostal muscle
C. Transversus thoracis

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78
Q

Describe the fibre orientation of external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

Identification List

A

Differentiate from the direction that the muscular fibres run in:

External IM= run from the nuts (inside) to the armpits (outside).

Internal IM = run from hip (outside) up towards the sternum (inside).

Innermost IM = runs in the same direction as the internal intercostal muscle.

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79
Q

Describe the fibre orientation of the abdominal muscles?

Identification List

A

Rectus abdominis = runs vertically

Transversus abdominis = runs horizontally

External oblique = runs downwards from a lateral to medial position

Internal oblique = runs upward from a lateral to medial position

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80
Q

What can the parietal pleura be divided into?

Identification List

A

Mediastinal pleura
Costal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Cervical pleura

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81
Q

What is the innervation of visceral pleura?

Identification List

A

Pulmonary plexus (autonomic)

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82
Q

What is the innervation of mediastinal and central diaphragmatic parietal pleura?

Identification List

A

Phrenic nerve

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83
Q

What is the innervation of cervical, costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleura?

Identification List

A

Intercostal nerve

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84
Q

Identification List

A
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85
Q

How can you tell the difference between the two lungs in isolation?

Identification List

A

Right lung has 3 lobes (left has 2)
Right lung has 2 fissures (left has 1)
Left lung has a cardiac notch
Left lung has a lingula
Left lung is smaller than the right

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86
Q

What are the major differences between the right and left lung?

Identification List

A

Right lung is larger than the left
Right lung has 3 lobes (left has 2)
Right lung has 2 fissures (left has 1)

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87
Q

Which lobes make up the majority of the posterior border of the lungs?

Identification List

A

The inferior lobes of both the left and right lung

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88
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Aortic arch
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89
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Cardiac impression
  2. Cardiac notch
  3. Aortic arch impression
  4. Azygos arch impression
  5. Diaphragmatic surface/impression
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90
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Left bronchial artery
  2. Left inferior pulmonary vein
  3. Left main bronchus
  4. Left pulmonary artery
  5. Left superior pulmonary vein
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91
Q

Identification List

A

17 Right inferior pulmonary vein
18 Right intermediate bronchus
19 Right pulmonary artery
20 Right superior intermediate bronchus
21 Right superior pulmonary vein

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92
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Anterior border
  2. Apex
  3. Area for thymus & fatty tissue of anterior mediastinum
  4. Area for trachea & oesophagus
  5. Bronchopulmonary lymph node
  6. Cardiac impression
  7. Cardiac notch
  8. Groove for arch of aorta
  9. Groove for brachiocephalic vein
  10. Groove for descending aorta
  11. Groove for first rib
  12. Groove for left subclavian artery
  13. Inferior border, diaphragmatic surface
  14. Left bronchial artery
  15. Left inferior pulmonary vein
  16. Left primary bronchus
  17. Left pulmonary artery
  18. Left superior pulmonary vein
  19. Lingula
  20. Oblique fissure
  21. Pulmonary ligament
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93
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Anterior border (displaced medially)
  2. Apex
  3. Area and groove for oesophagus
  4. Area for thymus and fatty tissue of anterior mediastinum
  5. Area for trachea
  6. Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes
  7. Diaphragmatic surface
  8. Groove for azygos vein
  9. Groove for brachiocephalic vein
  10. Groove for inferior vena cava
  11. Groove for right subclavian artery
  12. Groove for superior vena cava
  13. Horizontal fissure
  14. Inferior border
  15. Oblique fissure
  16. Pulmonary ligament
  17. Right inferior pulmonary vein
  18. Right intermediate bronchus (shouldn’t 18 be the right inferior secondary bronchus?)
  19. Right pulmonary artery
  20. Right superior secondary bronchus
  21. Right superior pulmonary vein
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94
Q

How can you identify the pulmonary arteries on the medial surface of the left and right lungs?

Identification List

A
  • The pulmonary artery typically leaves the largest hole/impression on the hilum of the left and right lung.
  • The veins are the next biggest holes in the hilum.
  • The bronchus typically leave the smallest holes or irregular holes.
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95
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Left primary bronchus
  3. Right primary bronchus
  4. Right superior secondary bronchus
  5. Right middle secondary bronchus
  6. Left superior secondary bronchus
  7. Left inferior secondary bronchus
  8. Right tertiary bronchus
  9. Left tertiary bronchus
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96
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Right border
  2. Superior border
  3. Left border
  4. Apex
  5. Inferior border
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97
Q

Where are the borders of the heart located?

Identification List

A

Right border = right atrium

Left border = left ventricle and tip of the left auricle

Superior border = site of entry of the great vessels of the heart

Inferior border = right ventricle

Apex = inferolateral part of the left ventricle

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98
Q

Identification List

A

Left atrium of the heart (aka base of the heart)

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99
Q

Which intercostal space is the apex accessible?

Identification List

A

The 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line of the left side of the chest

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100
Q

Describe the location of the heart?

Identification List

A

–> The heart sits on the central tendon of the diaphragm.
–> Is positioned posteriorly to the sternal body.
–> 1/3 is to the right & 2/3 is to the left of the midline.
–> Its base is positioned posterior and slightly up (located anterior to the thoracic spine).
–> Its apex points anteriorly, to the left and inferiorly (in the 5th left intercostal space).

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101
Q

Which chamber makes up most of the anterior surface of the heart?

Identification List

A

Right ventricle

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102
Q

Which chamber makes up most of the posterior surface of the heart?

Identification List

A

Left atrium

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103
Q

Identification List

A

1.Auricle of the right atrium
2.Crista terminalis
3.Fossa ovalis
4.Inferior vena cava
6.Coronary sinus
7.Pectinate muscles
10.Superior vena cava

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104
Q

Identification List

A

3.Ascending (thoracic) aorta
4.Auricle of left atrium
11.Left ventricle
17.Pulmonary trunk
18.Right atrium
22.Right ventricle
25.Superior vena cava

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105
Q

Identification List

A

1.Tricuspid valve
2.Papillary muscles
5.Chordae tendineae

106
Q

Identification List

107
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Base of the heart
  2. Diaphragmatic surface of the heart
108
Q

Identification List

109
Q

Identification List

110
Q

Identification List

111
Q

Identification List

112
Q

Identification List

113
Q

Identification List

114
Q

Identification List

A

*Go over the carneae trabeculae muscle

115
Q
A

2.Papillary muscles
4.Chordae tendineae
6.Trabeculae carneae
11.Bicuspid valve
12.Papillary muscles

116
Q

Identification List

117
Q

What chamber of the heart are pectinate muscles most prevalent?

Identification List

A

Left and right atrium

118
Q

What part of the conduction system is found at the superior aspect of the heart?

Identification List

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

119
Q

What other names do the left and right atrioventricular valves have?

Identification List

A

Left atrioventriuclar valve:
Bicuspid valve, mitral valve

Right atrioventricular valve:
Tricuspid valve

120
Q

What type of valves are the pulmonary and aortic valves?

Identification List

A

Semilunar valves

121
Q

How many pulmonary arteries are there exiting the heart?

Identification List

A

2:
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery

122
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there entering the heart?

Identification List

A

4
Left superior pulmonary vein
Left inferior pulmonary vein
Right superior pulmonary vein
Right inferior pulmonary vein

123
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Ascending (thoracic) aorta
  2. Aortic arch
  3. Right brachiocephalic trunk
  4. Left subclavian artery
  5. Left common carotid artery
  6. Right common carotid artery
  7. Descending (abdominal) aorta
124
Q

Which three arteries branch from the aorta?

Identification List

A
  1. (Right) brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
125
Q

Identification List

126
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Left common carotid artery
  2. Left external carotid artery
  3. Left internal carotid artery
127
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery
  2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. Lingual artery
  4. Facial artery
  5. Occipital artery
  6. Posterior auricular artery
  7. Maxillary artery
  8. Superficial temporal artery
128
Q

Name the foetal remnants of the heart?

Identification List

A

Foramen ovalis –> fossa ovale
Ductus arteriosus –> ligamentum arteriosum
Pectinate muscles

129
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Ligamentum arteriosum

*Ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant left a few days after birth
* Ductus arteriosus is the initial aspect before birth

130
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Interventricular septum
131
Q

What are the compartments of the mediastinum?

Identification List

A

Superior compartment
Inferior compartment (can further be divided into the anterior, middle and posterior compartments)

132
Q

What are the contents in the superior compartment of the mediastinum?

Identification List

A

TRAPBALLS OVT

Trachea
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Aorta
Phrenic nerve
Brachiocephalic vein
Azygos vein
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava

Oesophagus
Vagus
Thoracic duct (lymp)

133
Q

What are the contents in the posterior compartment of the mediastinum?

Identification List

A

Oesophagus
Sympathetic chain
Azygous veins

134
Q

What are the contents in the middle compartment of the mediastinum?

Identification List

A

Pericardium
Heart
Root of great vessels

135
Q

What are the contents in the anterior compartment of the mediastinum?

Identification List

A

Remnants of thymus
Lymph nodes

136
Q

Identification List

A

Deoxygenated blood = right side of the heart (vena cava to the pulmonary arteries)

Oxygenated blood = left side of the heart (pulmonary veins to the aorta)

137
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Ascending (thoracic) aorta
  2. (Right) brachiocephalic trunk
  3. Left common carotid artery
  4. Left subclavian artery
  5. Left axillary artery
  6. Right subclavian artery
  7. Right common carotid artery
  8. Descending (abdominal) aorta
  9. Aortic arch
  10. Pulmonary trunk
  11. Right pulmonary artery
  12. Left pulmonary artery
  13. Ligamentum arteriosum
138
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Bronchial artery
  2. Mediastinal artery
  3. Oesophageal artery
  4. Pericardial artery
  5. Superior phrenic artery
  6. Posterior intercostal artery
139
Q
A
  1. Right renal artery
  2. Left renal artery
  3. Celiac trunk artery
  4. Superior mesenteric artery
  5. Left gonadal artery
  6. Right gonadal artery
  7. Inferior mesenteric artery
140
Q
A
  1. Right common iliac artery
  2. Left common iliac artery
  3. Left internal iliac artery
  4. Right internal iliac artery
  5. Right external iliac artery
  6. Left external iliac artery
141
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Right common carotid artery
  2. Right internal carotid artery
  3. Right external carotid artery
142
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Right coronary artery
  2. Right marginal artery
  3. Left coronary artery
  4. Anterior interventricular artery (or left anterior descending artery)
  5. Left marginal artery
143
Q

Identification List

A

2.Anterior interventricular artery (or left anterior descending artery)
12.Right marginal artery
19.Right coronary artery

***Hard to see the left coronary artery and left marginal artery on a cadaver

144
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Circumflex artery
  2. Left coronary artery
  3. Right coronary artery
  4. Posterior interventricular artery (or posterior descending artery)
145
Q

Identification List

146
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Coronary sinus
  2. Great cardiac vein
  3. Middle cardiac vein
  4. Posterior interventricular artery
  5. Right coronary artery
  6. Left pulmonary artery (confirm if this is right)
147
Q

Which cardiac artery is known as the ‘widow maker’?

Identification List

A

Left anterior descending artery

148
Q

Why is the left anterior descending artery referred to as the ‘widow maker’?

Identification List

A

A heart attack which causes 100% blockage of this artery is severe, if not fatal, because this artery supplies 50% of the heart’s blood supply

149
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Great cardiac vein
  2. Small cardiac vein
150
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Great cardiac vein
  2. Small cardiac vein
151
Q

Identification List

A
  1. Left marginal vein
  2. Left posterior ventricular vein
  3. Middle cardiac vein
  4. Coronary sinus
152
Q

Identification List

153
Q

Describe the location of the great cardiac vein?

Identification List

A

Lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus

154
Q

Describe the location of the small cardiac vein?

Identification List

A

Runs along the right margin of the anterior surface

155
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain blood into?

Identification List

A

Drains deoxygenated blood directly into the right atrium

156
Q

Describe the location of the middle cardiac vein?

Identification List

A

Runs along the posterior interventricular sulcus

157
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

Workbook Questions

A

Floor = hard palate

Lateral wall = Ethmoid, lacrimal, inferior conchae, perpendicular plate of palatine, medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid

Medial wall = Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage

Roof = Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone, frontal, sphenoid and nasal bones

158
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nose?

Workbook Questions

A

Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

159
Q

What type of epithelium lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

Workbook Questions

A

Olfactory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

160
Q

What type of epithelium lines the floor, lateral and medial walls?

Workbook Questions

A

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

161
Q

What supplies blood to the nasal cavity?

Workbook Questions

A

Branches of the ophthalmic, maxillary and facial arteries

162
Q

To what areas do the trigeminal branches provided somatosensory innervation to?

Workbook Questions

A

V1 = anterior cartilaginous septum

V2 = soft palate

V3 = anterior tongue

163
Q

What anatomical plane does the
nasal septum lie on?

Workbook Questions

A

(Mid) sagittal line

164
Q

What do we call it when the nasal septum is shifted off this plane?

Workbook Questions

A

Deviated septum

165
Q

Which bones create the superior, middle and inferior concha?

Workbook Questions

A

Sup & Mid = ethmoid bone
Inf = inferior nasal concha (separate individual bone)

166
Q

Do you think dogs would have more or less concha/meatus?

Workbook Questions

167
Q

Workbook Questions

A

5.Ethmoidal bulla
6.Frontonasal duct
12.Opening of the middle meatus
15.Semilunar hiatus
16.Sphenoethmoidal recess

168
Q

What is a tonsil?

Workbook Questions

A

A mass of lymphoid tissue

169
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

Workbook Questions

A

To act as a front-line defense for respiratory and gastrointestinal infections

170
Q

Why is it important to note the orientation of the brachial plexus and scalene muscles?

Workbook Questions

A

If the scalene muscles contract, they may pinch the brachial plexus (C3, C4 and C5) causing referred pain to be felt at the heart, even though the pain may be parts of the arm, shoulder or back

171
Q

How is the orientation of the brachial plexus and scalene muscles likely to present in a patient with advanced and chronic pulmonary issues?

Workbook Questions

A

Chronic use of the scalene muscles can tighten the fibrous tissue around the brachial plexus, potentially leading to nerve impingement or thoracic outlet syndrome-like symptoms

172
Q

How do the muscles of the posterior
triangle assist in respiration?

Workbook Questions

A

They help elevate the ribs

173
Q

What is the etymology of:
Cricoid?
Thyroid?
Arytenoid?
Corniculate?

Workbook Questions

A

Cricoid = Ring

Thyroid = Shield

Arytenoid = Funnel

Corniculate = Horn

174
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into?

Workbook Questions

A

Mediastinum
Left pulmonary cavity
Right pulmonary cavity

175
Q

Why does the inferior vena cava pass through the central tendon (rather than muscle)?

Workbook Questions

A

Minimal impedance to blood flow

–> Slight constriction of a muscle could significantly affect the return of blood to the heart, potentially leading to increased venous pressure and related complications

176
Q

What is another important function of the oesophageal hiatus?

Workbook Questions

A

Helps prevent gastroesophageal reflux (the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus)

177
Q

Why are the thoracic and abdominal walls different in structure?

Workbook Questions

A
  1. The organs they protect.
  2. Their roles in different physiological processes (i.e. respiration or digestion).
178
Q

Workbook Questions

179
Q

Workbook Questions

180
Q

Workbook Questions

181
Q

How can the ribs be divided

Workbook Questions

A

True ribs (1-7)
False ribs (8-10)
Floating ribs (11-12)

182
Q

What might be the purpose of the floating ribs?

Workbook Questions

A
  1. Protect the kidneys
  2. Lack of sternal attachment = greater flexibility in the lower part of the rib cage
  3. Provides muscle attachments for several muscles of the torso
  4. Helps in the mechanical aspect of breathing by moving slightly during deep breathing
183
Q

Why are the processes angled more inferiorly on the thoracic vertebrae?

Workbook Questions

A

Restriction of excessive flexion/extension

–> Overlapping spinous processes = limits hyperextension (backward bending) and excessive flexion (forward bending)

184
Q

Say you need to insert a chest drain to remove air from the pleural space (pneumothorax), as in the image to the right.

What would be the safest place to insert this drain through the thoracic wall?

Workbook Questions

A

Mid-inferior aspect of intercostal space

185
Q

How does the diaphragm receive its blood supply?

Workbook Questions

A

Superiorly:
–> Phrenic branches of the internal thoracic artery

Inferiorly:
–> Superior phrenic arteries from thoracic aorta
–> Inferior phrenic arteries from abdominal aorta

186
Q

Dysfunction of this nerve results in the diaphragm being unable to contract. Compare the lobes of the diaphragm in the image below and state whether the dysfunction is affecting the left or right branch of the nerve?

Workbook Questions

A

Dysfunction of the right phrenic nerve because the right lobe is not contracting down

187
Q

Workbook Questions

A

4.External intercostal muscle
6.Internal intercostal muscle
7.Innermost intercostal muscle
9.Intercostal vein
10.Intercostal artery
11.Intercostal nerve
16.Azygous vein
IX.9th rib

188
Q

Workbook Questions

A

*Revise musculophrenic artery, pericardiacophrenic artery, superior and inferior phrenic arteries and left phrenic artery

189
Q

What happens when the external intercostal muscles are contracted?

Workbook Questions

A

The ribs are elevated and quiet (normal) inhalation occurs

190
Q

Where can you find serous cavities in the body?

Workbook Questions

A

Pericardial cavity (contains serous fluid that lubricates the heart, allowing it to beat easily)

Peritoneal cavity (contains serous fluid which facilitates the free movement of the abdominal organs against each other and the abdominal walls)

Pleural cavity (contains pleural fluid, which acts as a lubricant and allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during respiratory movements)

191
Q

Identity the level of pain sensitivity in the pleura?

Workbook Questions

A

Parietal pleura = sensitive to pain
Visceral pleura = insensitive to pain

192
Q

Why is the visceral pleura insensitive to pain?

Workbook Questions

A

Because its innervated by the pulmonary plexus which is autonomic (hence lacks nociceptors)

193
Q

As the airways decrease in diameter, so does the amount of cartilage in their walls. Compare the functional significance of cartilage and smooth muscle in the airways?

Workbook Questions

A

Cartilage:
Provides rigidity and maintains an open passageway in larger airways

Smooth muscle:
Primarily provides the elasticity in smaller airways, allowing the respiratory system to adjust airflow efficiently in response to varying needs and conditions

194
Q

What is the function of type I pneumatocytes?

Workbook Questions

A

Involved in gas exchange

195
Q

What is the function of type II pneumatocytes?

Workbook Questions

A

Produce surfactant to maintain surface tension

196
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

Workbook Questions

A

Ingest foreign material and microbes that enter the lungs

197
Q

What does the respiratory membrane include?

Workbook Questions

A

Type I pneumatocytes
Endothelial cells
Basement membrane

198
Q

Compare the oxygenation of blood in bronchial vessels and pulmonary vessels?

Workbook Questions

A

Bronchial vessels:
–> Part of the systemic circulation
–> Supplies the lung tissues with oxygenated blood
–> Removes carbon dioxide via bronchial veins

Pulmonary vessels:
–> Deals primarily with gas exchange
–> Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs (via pulmonary arteries) and oxygenated blood back to the heart (via pulmonary veins)

199
Q

What is the innervation of the bronchial tree and visceral pleura?

Workbook Questions

A

Pulmonary plexus

200
Q

What is the pulmonary plexus?

Workbook Questions

A

A network of autonomic nerves derived from:
–> Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
–> Upper thoracic and cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (sympathetic)

201
Q

Consider the ‘fight or flight’ role of the sympathetic nervous system. How would this influence the diameter of bronchioles and arterioles in the lung?

Workbook Questions

A

The increased sympathetic tone causes the relaxation of airway smooth muscle, which causes dilation of the bronchioles and arterioles, reducing airway resistance

202
Q

What are the contents of the superior thoracic inlet?

Workbook Questions

A

Arteries = Internal thoracic, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian

Veins = Brachiocephalic vein, SVC

Nerves = Vagus, phrenic, sympathetic trunk

Viscera = Trachea, oesophagus, apex of lungs

203
Q

What are the contents of the inferior thoracic inlet?

Workbook Questions

A

The 3 diaphragmatic hiatuses and all of their contents

204
Q

Where does the sternal angle occur?

Workbook Questions

A

Between the manubrium and the body of the sternum

205
Q

Which rib does the sternal angle articulate with?

Workbook Questions

A

The 2nd rib

206
Q

What is the bifurcation of the trachea called?

Workbook Questions

A

The carina

207
Q

What is the imaginary line that passes through the sternal angle?

Workbook Questions

A

Transverse thoracic plane

208
Q

Workbook Questions

A

9.Fibrous pericardium
33.Serous pericardium

209
Q

Workbook Questions

A

2.Ascending aorta
8.Visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)
9.Fibrous pericardium
15.Left lung
16.Left phrenic nerve
18.Left vagus nerve (CN X)
29. Right lung
30.Right phrenic nerve
32.Right vagus nerve (CN X)
33.Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
34.Superior vena cava

210
Q

What tissue type makes up the fibrous pericardium?

Workbook Questions

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

211
Q

What tissue type makes up the serous pericardium?

Workbook Questions

A

Simple squamous epithelium

212
Q

What is the nerve supply to the pericardium (sensory/autonomic)?

Workbook Questions

A

Fibrous pericardium & parietal serous pericardium = phrenic nerve (sensory innervation)

Visceral serous pericardium = vagus nerves and sympathetic trunk (autonomic innervation)

*Vagus nerve also provides minor sensory contributions

213
Q

What is the function of fibrous and serous pericardium?

Workbook Questions

A

Fibrous = Prevents your heart from expanding too much

Serous = Produces pericardial fluid that lubricates your heart as it beats

214
Q

What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

Workbook Questions

A

Acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction of cardiac surface during systole and diastole

215
Q

Describe the location of the pericardium?

Workbook Questions

A

A fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and the roots of the major blood vessels that extend from your heart

216
Q

Describe the components of the pericardium?

Workbook Questions

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium

217
Q

What does ‘parietal’ mean? Why do we use it in different parts of the body?

Workbook Questions

A

Parietal = “belonging to the wall”

‘Parietal’ is used to distinguish different structures that line the same space within your body

218
Q

Workbook Questions

A

14.Phrenic nerves (provides sensory innervation)
22.Vagus nerves (provides autonomic innervation and minor sensory innervation)
31.Sympathetic trunk (provides sympathetic innervation)

219
Q

Which components of the conducting system (of the heart) would be found in the right atrium?

Workbook Questions

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node

220
Q

Explain why the width of the myocardial walls in both the left and right ventricles differ?

Workbook Questions

A

The right ventricle has a thinner wall because it pumps blood through the low-resistance pulmonary system, while the left ventricle has a thicker wall to generate higher pressure needed for the high-resistance systemic circulation.

221
Q

Where would referred pain be felt for the heart?

Workbook Questions

A

Cardiac and pericardium pain is referred to dermatomes innervated by C3, 4 and 5 – this includes the shoulder and upper limb (left sided), jaw and middle back

222
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovalis in foetal life?

Workbook Questions

A

Allows deoxygenatedblood to bypass the non-functional lungs in fetal life by enabling blood flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium

223
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in foetal life?

Workbook Questions

A

Directs blood away from the non-functional fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta

224
Q

What is the oxygenation of each vessel before and after birth:

Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

Workbook Questions

A

PIPAS

PA = mixed –> deoxygenated
PV = deoxygenated –> oxygenated
SVC = deoxygenated –> deoxygenated
IVC = mixed –> deoxygenated
A = mixed –> oxygenated

225
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

Workbook Questions

A

It connects the umbilical vein with the IVC towards the heart

Allows oxygenated blood to by-pass the non-functional liver when going from the umbilical vein to the right atrium

226
Q

Workbook Questions

A

4.Left axillary artery
5.Brachiocephalic trunk
9.Left inferior thyroid artery
14.Left internal thoracic artery
17.Left common carotid artery
22.Left subclavian artery
31.Right common carotid artery
34.Right subclavian artery

227
Q

Workbook Questions

A

13.Left intercostal nerve
19.Left phrenic nerve
23.Left vagus nerve

228
Q

Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

Workbook Questions

A

At the level of the C4 vertebra

229
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

Workbook Questions

A

Viscerocranium (i.e. structures outside the cranial cavity)

230
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

Workbook Questions

A

Neurocranium (i.e. supplies the brain and structures inside the cranial cavity)

231
Q

Workbook Questions

A

3.Right common carotid artery
5.Right external carotid artery
18.Right internal carotid artery

232
Q

Explain why the face is well perfused and has extensive anastomoses?

Workbook Questions

A

Because the face requires a robusts blood supply for nourishment, thermoregulation, and healing

233
Q

Workbook Questions

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery
  2. Ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. Lingual artery
  4. Facial artery
  5. Occipital artery
  6. Posterior auricular artery
  7. Maxillary artery
  8. Superficial temporal artery
234
Q

What memory device can be used to
recall the order of the major branches of the external carotid artery?

Workbook Questions

A

Some
Anatomists
Love
Freaking
Out
Poor
Medical
Students

235
Q

Both the carotid body and carotid sinus are innervated by sensory neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve. How would you classify these sensory neurons?

Workbook Questions

A

Visceral sensory (unipolar) neurons

236
Q

The receptors form part of a reflex arc, where a change in stimulus is detected and results in an involuntary outcome. What might be the outcome if the carotid body detects low oxygen levels? Which structures will become more active to support this?

Workbook Questions

A

It triggers a reflex that results in increased respiratory rate and depth to enhance oxygen uptake.

Involves the activation of the respiratory centers in the brainstem, which stimulate the muscles of respiration (i.e. diaphragm, intercostal muscles)

237
Q

Long flights increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where blood clots form in the deep veins of the leg. Why might this be the case?

Workbook Questions

A

Due to prolonged immobility, which leads to poor circulation and blood pooling in the legs

238
Q

What is the function of the portal circulation?

Workbook Questions

A

Enables the liver to remove any harmful substances that may have been digested before the blood enters the main blood circulation around the body

239
Q

What is the purpose of the hepatic portal vein?

Workbook Questions

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver

240
Q

What is the purpose of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal tract?

Workbook Questions

A

Transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland (hypophysis)

241
Q

Workbook Questions

A

2.Brachiocephalic trunk
10.Left axillary vein
11.Left brachiocephalic vein
13.Left external jugular vein
14.Left internal jugular vein
18.Left subclavian vein
24.Pulmonary vein
25.Right axillary vein
26.Right brachiocephalic vein
28.Right external jugular vein
29.Right internal jugular vein
33.Right subclavian vein
36.Superior vena cava

242
Q

Which major vein in the upper thoracic region does not have a corresponding artery?

Workbook Questions

A

Azygous vein

243
Q

Workbook Questions

A
  1. Arch of azygos vein
244
Q

Both the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins empty into the azygos vein. What is the direction of the shunt?

Workbook Questions

A

From left to right

This enables blood from the left side of the thorax to join the azygos system and then continue upwards into the superior vena cava, which empties into the right atrium of the heart.

245
Q

Why do capillary walls only contain an endothelial layer?

Workbook Questions

A

It allows for effective exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue cells

246
Q

Describe the importance of smooth muscle in vessel walls?

Workbook Questions

A

Smooth muscle in vessel walls allows the body to respond to changes in blood flow and blood pressure

247
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

Workbook Questions

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoidal capillaries

248
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located and why?

Workbook Questions

A

Uninterrupted endothelial lining (i.e. no pores) allows them to control the passage of substances in muscles, lungs, skin and the central nervous system

249
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located and why?

Workbook Questions

A

The presence of small pores facilitate the quick transfer of small molecules between blood and tissues in the kidneys, intestines and endocrine glands

250
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries located and why?

Workbook Questions

A

The large pores and a discontinuous basement membrane allows the free movement of larger molecules and cells in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

251
Q

What is the function of this anastomosis?

Workbook Questions

A

Connect 2 body channels together

They serve as backup routes for blood flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised

252
Q

What layer of neck fascia does the internal carotid travel? What other structures share this space?

Workbook Questions

A

The carotid sheath

It also surrounds the common carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve

253
Q

What bony landmark in the neck do the vertebral arteries pass through?

Workbook Questions

A

The transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

254
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

Workbook Questions

A

O2, CO2, pH

255
Q

What is the point of lymph?

Workbook Questions

A

Collects interstitial fluid from your tissues and drains them to your blood

256
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the body that collects lymph into the thoracic duct?

Workbook Questions

A

Thoracic duct:
1. Begins at the cisterna chyli in the abdominal cavity
2. Duct ascends through the aortic hiatus in the posterior mediastinum
3. Duct empties into the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

257
Q

What do deep veins rely on for venous circulation?

Workbook Questions

A

The skeletal muscle pump

258
Q

What is the azygos system?

Workbook Questions

A

A collateral pathway that connects the superior vena cava with the inferior vena cava

259
Q

Workbook Questions

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Azygos vein
  4. Hemiazygos vein
  5. Accessory hemiazygos vein
260
Q

What direction is the shunt of the venous drainage system?

Workbook Questions

A

Left to right

–> Hemiazygos and accessory azygos vein flow to the right into the azygos vein

261
Q

What does the carotid body and carotid sinus contain?

Workbook Questions

A

Carotid body = chemoreceptors (detect O2, CO2, pH)
Carotid sinus = baroreceptors (detect pressure for stretching)

MEDI2101 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory System (1 decks)

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