Anatomy test 11.1-11.11 Flashcards
crin
to secrete
diuret
to pass urine
para
beside
toc
birth
what 2 organ systems function coordinately to enable body parts to communicate with each other and to adjust constantly to changing incoming signals?
- The nervous system
- the endocrine system
true or false: exocrine glands secrete to the outside of the body through tubes or ducts that lead to the surface
true
true or false: an example of an exocrine gland is sweat, secreted by sweat glands that reaches the surface of the skin
true
endocrine glands and their hormones help regulate metabolic processes, which includes what?
they control the rates of certain reactions, aid in the transport of substances across membranes, and help regulate water and electrolyte balance
what is not one of the 3 vital roles that the endocrine system assists in?
social maturity
list the 4 of the 8 major endocrine
- pituatitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal gland
order the 5 steps that occurs when steroid hormone molecule enters a target cell:
- the lipid soluble steroid hormone diffuses through the cell membrane
- the steroid hormone binds a specific protein molecule- the receptor for that hormone
- the resulting hormone receptor complex binds within the nucleus to particular regions of the target cells DNA and activates transcription of specific genes into messenger RNA molecules
- the mRNA molecules leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm
- the mRNA molecules associate with ribosomes to direct the synthesis of specific
how does a hormone molecule deliver its message?
to its target cell by uniting with the binding site of its receptor
true or false: the hormone that triggers this cascade of biochemical activity is called a second messenger. The biochemicals in the cell that induce changes in response to the hormone binding are called first messengers.
true
prostaglandins usually act more locally than hormones, often affecting only the ______where they are produced
organ
hormones are continually excreted in the urine and broken down by various enzymes, primarily in the _____
liver
true or false: as hormone levels lower in the blood and the hormone exerts its effects, negative feedback inhibits the system and the hormone secretion decreases
false
a diuretic _____ urine production
increases
an antidieretic_______ urine formation
decreases
true or false: the thyroid gland synthesizes thyroxine and triiodothyronine
true
what does not help regulate the metabolism of T3 and T4?
water
what is basal metabolic rate
is the major facts determining how many calories the body must consume at rest in order to maintain life
true or false: the hypothalamus and pituitary gland release thyroid hormones
true
PTH affects what 3 areas?
- bones
- kidneys
- intestine
the adrenal glands are closely associated with the
kidneys
true or false: epinephrine and norepinephrine are the 2 closely related hormones secreted by the cells of the adrenal medulla
true
list 2 of the 4 things epinephrine and norepinephrine increase
- heart rate
- breathing rate
what isn’t one of the three most important adrenal cortical hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, certain sex hormones, thyroxine
thyroxine
these actions of cortisol help keep ______ concentration within the normal range between meals, because a few hours without food can exhaust the supply of liver glycogen, a major source of glucose
blood glucose
true or false: the pancreas is an elongated, somewhat flattened bone posterior to the stomach and behind the parietal peritoneum
false
secrete the hormone glucagon
alpha cells
secrete the hormone insulin
beta cells
true or false: low blood glucose concentration stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon. When blood glucose concentration rises, glucagon secretion falls
true
the main effect of insulin is exactly the ______ that of glucagon
opposite
what of the following is not 1 of the 3 types of cells that admit glucose: cardiac tissue, adipose tissue, resting skeletal muscle, and bone tissue
bone tissue
a ___________ system sensitive to blood glucose concentration regulates insulin secretion
negative feedback
melatonin acts on certain brain regions that function as a “biological clock,” and may thereby help to regulate
circadian rhythms
thymus plays an important role in _____
immunity
survival depends on what?
the maintenance of homeostasis
2 of the 6 types of physical stressors
- exposure to extreme heat or cold
- decreased oxygen concentration
2 of the 6 feelings that can also produce physiological stress
- depression
- fear
the hypothalamus activates mechanisms that prepare the body for ________
fight or flight
2 of the 9 things that happen when the fight or flight system kicks in
- increasing heart rate
- increasing breathing rate
increased ______ secretion may be accompanied by a decrease in the number of certain white blood cells .
cortisol
excess cortisol production may raise the risk of developing: high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, lung disease, and gastrointestinal ulcers. which does not belong?
lung disease
