Anatomy Term Flashcards
Median Plane
vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the body
equal L and R halves
mid-sagittal or median sagittal plane
Sagittal Plane
vertical planes that pass longitudinally through the body parallel to the median plane
unequal L and R halves
parasagittal plane
Coronal Plane (Frontal)
Vertical Planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median plane.
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Horizontal (transverse) planes
pass through the body at R angles to themedian and coronal planes
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
axial/transaxial plane
Superficial
structure nearer to the surface
Deep
structure farther from the surface
Medial
structure nearer to the median plane
Lateral
Structures are farther from the median plane
Anterior (ventral)
nearer to the front
posterior (dorsal)
nearer to the back
Superior (cranial)
nearer to the head
Inferior (caudal)
nearer to the feet
Proximal
structures are nearer to the point of origin or the trunk
Distal
structures are farther from the point of origin or the trunk
External (outer)
toward or part of the surface
Internal (internal)
toward or part of the interior
central
near the center
peripheral
away from the center
parietal
pertains to the wall of the cavity
visceral
the covering of an organ
Bilateral
structures are paired with one on the right and left
Unilateral
one side only, unpaired
ipsilateral
structures are on the same side of the body from a point of reference
Contralateral
structures are on the opposite side of the body from a point of reference
Flexion
bending or decreasing the angle between body parts relative to the starting angle in the antatomical postion
Extension
Indicates straightening or increasing the angle between body parts relative to the starting angle in the anatomical position
Adduction
moving towards the median plane
Hand: in reference to the middle finger
Foot: in reference to the second toe
Abduction
moving away from the median plane
Rotation
turning or revolving a part of the body about its longitudinal axis
Medial Rotation
Internal
Brings the surface of a limb nearer to the median plane
Lateral Rotation
External
Takes anterior surface away from the median plane
Circumduction
circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
Supination
rotating the hand and forearm about its longitudinal axis so that the palm faces anteriorly
(up)
Pronation
rotation of the hand and forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
Eversion
moves the sole of the foot away from the midline
raise lateral side
Inversion
moves the sole of the foot towards the midline
protrusion (protraction)
moves a structure anteriorly
stick out your jaw
retrusion (retraction)
moves a structure posteriorly
Axial skeleton consists of
skull hyoid bone 33 vertebrae 12 pairs of ribs sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Limb girdles
- scapula and clavicle
- articulates with the sternum of the axial skeleton
Coxal (hip) bone - ilium, ischium and pubis
-articulates with the sacrum
Upper limbs
brachium (arm)
antebrachium (forearm)
carpus (Wrist)
hand
Lower limbs
thigh
crus (leg)
tarsus (ankle)
foot
Long bones
tubular
length > width
have a body (shaft/diaphysis) with a marrow cavity and two ends (epiphyses)
Short bones
cuboidal
found only in the wrist (carpus) an ankle (tarus)
Flat bones
squamous bones
two plates of compact bone with spongy bone marrow in between
protect/reinforce structures
skull, ribs, sternum, scapula
Irregular bones
various shapes
all skull bones that are not flat, vertebrae and hip bones
Sesamoid bones
develop in tendons
found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs (patella)
protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass their attachments
Accessory (supernumerary) bones
extra bones that develop from additional ossification centers
many eventually fuse
sometimes they do not fuse, giving the appearance of an extra bone
accessary bones called sutural/wormian bones are commonly seen in skull sutures
bone markings
appear wherever tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
Linear elevations
lines/ridges
if prominent=crest
condyles
rounded articular areas
Relatively large elevations are __ ___ or __
processes
tuberosities
trochanters
smaller elevations are __ __ or __
protuberances, tubercles or spines
spinous process
a projecting spine like part
depressed areas are ___ __ __ or __
fossae
cavities
antra
fovea
elongated furrow or depression
groove or sulcus
facets
small, smooth flat areas of bone
usually where two bones come together
often covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
Foramen
a hole or passage through a bone
Meatus
opening but not an exit
Canal
is an opening with an entrance and exit
most muscles attached to bone via
non-contractile tendons
Names of muscles are based on
shape, size, number of heads/bellies, position, depth,, attachments, actions
Origin
usually more proximal and tends to be fixed during contraction
Insertion
usually more distal and moves during contraction
Actions
not all true actions of the muscle are apparent.
Muscle fuction
a muscle must cross a joint to produce an action at that joint
if it crosses more that one, its action and ROM at one may be affected by the positions of the others
muscle contractions produce movement by
pulling (never pushing) the movable attachment (insertion) towards the fixed attachment (origin)
Ampulla
L
full + vase
Annulus
L
little ring
Antrum
L
arch shaped
Brevis
L
short
Caput
L
head
carpus
G
wrist
Cauda
tail
cervix
L
neck
Collateral
L
together + side
Coronary
L
pertaining to wreath
Corpus
L
body
Crista
L
crest
Cruciate
pertaining to a cross
L
Crus
L
leg
Fornix
L
cellar or vault
Gastro
G
stomach
Genu
L
knee or bend
Hallux
L
great toe
Helix
G
coil
Hiatus
L
gap
Hilum
L
attachment of a seed
Hypo
G
under
Longus
L
long, longissimus, the longest
Magnus
L
great
Meatus
L
passage
Papilla
L
nipple
Para
G
beside
Peri
G
surrounding
Petro
L
rocky
Phren
G
diaphragm
pollex
l
thumb
Rectus
L
straight
Retro
L
behind
Sulcus
groove
L
supra
L
above
Syn
G
together
Teres
L
round, smooth
thenar
G
palm of the hand
trochlea
L
pulley
Tunica
L
covering or coat
Vas
L
vessel or dish
Vermis
L
worm
