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Mind & Motion > Anatomy Structures & Functions > Flashcards

Anatomy Structures & Functions Flashcards

Rapid review of anatomy terms for neuroanatomy and musculoskeletal anatomy

1
Q

Nerve that innervates lateral rectus muscle of eye

A

CN VI - abducens nerve

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2
Q

Nervous system cell with long cellular processes

A

Neuron

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3
Q

What are the three fundamental types of neurons?

A

Motor, Sensory, Interneurons

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4
Q

___ neurons send signals away from the CNS.

A

Motor

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5
Q

Cranial nerves originating in the midbrain

A

CN III (oculomotor); CN IV (trochlear)

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6
Q

Section of the midbrain involved in coordination of movement and dopamine production

A

Substantia nigra

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7
Q

Function of fusiform gyrus

A

Processing color, and facial and word recognition

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8
Q

___ neurons are located within the CNS and mediate communication among other neurons.

A

Interneurons

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9
Q

Function of pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin

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10
Q

This portion of the neuron receives signals from other cells.

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

Location of primary somatosensory cortex

A

Post-central gyrus

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12
Q

Nerve that innervates superior oblique muscle of eye

A

CN IV - trochlear nerve

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13
Q

Location of primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

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14
Q

Function of supramarginal gyrus

A

Visual, auditory, and somatosensory association

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15
Q

Function of angular gyrus

A

Language and number processing, memory, attention

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16
Q

Nervous system cell with short cellular processes

A

Glial cells

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17
Q

This structure is lined by the primary visual cortex

A

Calcarine sulcus

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18
Q

Location of primary gustatory cortex

A

Insular cortex

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19
Q

Function of flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

A

Helps with balance

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20
Q

___ neurons send signals to the CNS.

A

Sensory

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21
Q

This portion of the neuron transmits a signal to a target.

A

Axon and axon terminals

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22
Q

Functions of the insular cortex

A

Primary gustatory cortex; balance and vision integration

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23
Q

Structure that connects cerebellar hemispheres

A

Vermis

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24
Q

Which type of nervous system cell transmits impulses?

A

Neurons

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25
Q

Function of caudate and putamen

A

Communicates with cerebral cortex to prohibit/inhibit movement

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26
Q

List the structures that connect the cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum and fornix

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27
Q

These cerebellar structures sit just superiorly to the foramen magnum

A

Cerebellar tonsils

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28
Q

Function of anterior lobe of cerebellum

A

Proprioception and posture

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29
Q

Key structure involved in processing fear

A

Amygdala

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30
Q

White matter tract running between caudate and putamen

A

Internal capsule

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31
Q

Function of posterior lobe of cerebellum

A

Inhibit involuntary movement, and fine motor control

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32
Q

Function of dentate nucleus

A

Planning voluntary movement

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33
Q

White matter tracts communicating between cerebellum and cerebrum/brainstem

A

Cerebellar peduncles

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34
Q

Section of the midbrain that controls body posture and gait

A

Red nucleus

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35
Q

What kind of nerve fibers run through the crus cerebri?

A

Motor fibers running from the primary motor cortex to the trunk and limbs

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36
Q

The tectum is directly superior to:

A

The cerebral aqueduct

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37
Q

What cranial nerve and nucleus is found at the level of the inferior colliculi?

A

CN IV

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38
Q

Locations of enlargement of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement for upper limb (C4-T1), lumbosacral enlargement for lower limb (T11-S1)

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39
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

Around L1-L2

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40
Q

Conus medullaris

A

End of the spinal cord, before the cauda equina

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41
Q

What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Myelinated axons

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42
Q

What neurons come off of the lateral horn (T1-L2, S2-S4)?

A

Sympathetic (T1-L2) and parasympathetic (S2-S4) autonomic fibers

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43
Q

Longitudinal arteries of the spinal column

A

1 anterior spinal artery, two posterior spinal arteries, and vertebral arteries branching off from the subclavian

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44
Q

What gives collateral circulation to the spinal column?

A

Segmental arteries branching off from intercostal and lumbar arteries

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45
Q

Artery of Adamkiewicz

A

Only named segmental artery, for the lumbar enlargement. If you cut that off, you lose blood supply to leg innervation

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46
Q

How are nerves without segmental arteries supplied with blood?

A

Radicular arteries going to the spinal nerve roots, entering through intervertebral foramena

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47
Q

What targets are innervated by dorsal rami?

A

intrinsic back muscles, skin on the back

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48
Q

What targets are innervated by ventral rami?

A

External back muscles, and trunk, limbs, etc

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49
Q

Which spinal nerve does not have an associated named vertebra?

A

C8 - there is no C8 vertebra.

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50
Q

All cervical spinal nerves exit ___ to their associated vertebra

A

Superior

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51
Q

All thoracic/lumbar/sacral spinal nerves exit ___ to their associated vertebra

A

Inferior

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52
Q

Landmark for T4 dermatome

A

Nipple

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53
Q

Landmark for T10 dermatome

A

Umbilicus

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54
Q

Landmark for T12 dermatome

A

Suprapubic region

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55
Q

Landmark for C6 dermatome

A

Thumb

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56
Q

Landmark for L5 dermatome

A

Big toe

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57
Q

Interior of an intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus

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58
Q

Exterior of an intervertebral disc

A

Annulus fibrosus

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59
Q

What is the phenomenon called when the jelly of the nucleus pulposus compresses spinal nerve roots?

A

Intervertebral disc herniation, with pain, numbness, and tingling

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60
Q

Where does the spinal dura open up?

A

At the cauda equina, around S2

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61
Q

What fills the epidural space in the spinal column?

A

Fat, and the epidural venous plexus

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62
Q

What space is the target in an epidural?

A

The epidural space - go through skin but not through dura

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63
Q

What space is the target in a lumbar puncture?

A

Subarachnoid space - go through skin, dura, and arachnoid

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64
Q

Is the subdural space an actual space or a potential space in the spinal column?

A

Potential space

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65
Q

Is the subarachnoid space an actual space or a potential space in the spinal column

A

Actual

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66
Q

Is the epidural space a potential space or an actual space in the spinal column?

A

Actual

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67
Q

Where is CSF located in the spinal column?

A

In the subarachnoid space

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68
Q

What structures cross the subarachnoid space?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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69
Q

What structures stabilize the pia mater?

A

Denticulate ligaments and the film terminale

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70
Q

At what vertebral level do you perform a lumbar puncture?

A

Inferior to L3/L4

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71
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

III, IV, V1, V2, VI

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72
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli outside the body

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73
Q

Interoreceptors/visceroreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli within body (BP, proprioception)

74
Q

Cranial nerves that contribute to sensation of taste

A

CN VII, IX, X

75
Q

Where do sensations of taste enter the brainstem?

A

Solitary tract nuclei - from there, go on to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex of the insula

76
Q

Rod cells

A

Have rhodopsin, very photosensitive, good for vision in low light, no color differentiation

77
Q

Cone cells

A

Have photopsin, important for color vision, good in bright light

78
Q

Where are rods and cones located in the eye?

A

Rods are in the peripheral retina, and cones are in the macula and fovea.

79
Q

Where do vision signals pass through the thalamus?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

80
Q

Where does hearing information enter the brainstem?

A

CN VIII at pronto medullary junction, go through cochlear nucleus bilaterally

81
Q

What type of free nerve endings sense pain/nociception?

A

Myelinated A-delta fibers for fast pain, C fibers for slow, aching pain

82
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

light touch, fast-adapting, small sharp borders

83
Q

Merkel disc

A

Light touch, slow-adapting, small sharp borders

84
Q

Lamellated corpuscles

A

Fast-adapting, vibration and pressure, large vague borders

85
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

Pressure and skin stretch, slow-adapting, large vague borders, signal changes in joint position

86
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Light touch, fast-adapting

87
Q

What kinds of innervation are lost if you damage the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Somatomotor, somatosensory, sympathetic

88
Q

Innervation of pre-axial muscle mass

A

C5, C6, C7

89
Q

Innervation of post-axial muscle mass

A

C8, T1

90
Q

Do the roots of the brachial plexus contain anterior division fibers, posterior division fibers, or both?

A

Both

91
Q

What roots contribute to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6

92
Q

What roots contribute to the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C7

93
Q

What roots contribute to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8, T1

94
Q

What roots contribute to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

95
Q

What fibers are in the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior division fibers from C5, C6, C7

96
Q

What kind of fibers are in the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Posterior division fibers

97
Q

What fibers are in the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior division fibers from C8, T1

98
Q

Distal to the divisions, what changes with regard to composition of the nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

They contain either anterior or posterior division fibers, not both

99
Q

Name the three components of the “M” of the brachial plexus, from lateral to medial.

A

Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar

100
Q

Damage to C5/C6 will most likely result in problems with which joint of the arm?

A

Shoulder

101
Q

Damage to C6/C7 will most likely result in problems with which joint of the arm?

A

Elbow

102
Q

Damage to C7/C8 will most likely result in problems with which joint of the arm?

A

Wrist

103
Q

Damage to C8/T1 will most likely result in problems with which joint of the arm?

A

Joints within the hand/digits

104
Q

This nerve branches off of the C5 root of the brachial plexus.

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

105
Q

This nerve branches off of the C5, C6, and C7 roots of the brachial plexus.

A

Long thoracic nerve

106
Q

These two nerves branch off of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus.

A

Suprascapular nerve, Nerve to the subclavius

107
Q

This nerve branches off the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.

A

Lateral pectoral nerve

108
Q

This nerve branches off of the medial cord of the brachial plexus and innervates the same targets as a nerve off of the lateral cord.

A

Medial pectoral nerve

109
Q

These three nerves branch off of the medial cord of the brachial plexus.

A

Medial pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerve, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve

110
Q

These five nerves come from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.

A

Upper subscapular nerve, middle subscapular (thoracodorsal) nerve, lower subscapular nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve

111
Q

What are the five muscles that can move the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

112
Q

Innervation of the trapezius

A

CN XI - spinal accessory nerve

113
Q

What action do the upper fibers of the trapezius perform around the AP axis?

A

Elevation

114
Q

What action do the lower fibers of the trapezius perform around the AP axis?

A

Depression

115
Q

List the actions that the trapezius performs, and their respective axes.

A

Upper fibers: elevation (AP), retraction (vertical), upward rotation of glenoid fossa (oblique)
Middle fibers: retraction (vertical), upward rotation of glenoid fossa (oblique)
Lower fibers: depression (AP), retraction (vertical), upward rotation of glenoid fossa (oblique)

116
Q

What portion of the trapezius muscle is most efficient at retraction?

A

Middle fibers

117
Q

At what joint do all movements of the pectoral girdle occur?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

118
Q

Describe the attachments of the trapezius.

A

Proximal attachments at the base of the skull and the spinous processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae.
Distal attachments at the lateral third of the clavicle, medial margin of the acromion, and spine of the scapula.

119
Q

Clinical finding in weakness of the trapezius

A

Shoulder droop

120
Q

Innervation of the rhomboids

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

121
Q

Describe the attachments of the rhomboids

A

Proximal: thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Distal: medial border of scapula

122
Q

What actions can the rhomboids perform at the sternoclavicular joint? List actions and respective axes.

A

Elevation (AP), retraction (vertical), downward rotation of glenoid fossa/medial rotation of inferior angle (oblique axis)

123
Q

Primary function of levator scapulae

A

Elevate the scapula

124
Q

Innervation of levator scapulae

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

125
Q

Muscle targets of dorsal scapular nerve

A

Levator scapulae and rhomboids

126
Q

Actions (and axes) of levator scapulae at the sternoclavicular joint

A

Elevation (AP) - primary function, downward rotation of glenoid fossa/medial rotation of inferior angle (oblique axis), some retraction (assists rhomboids)

127
Q

Innervation of serratus anterior

A

Long thoracic nerve

128
Q

What spinal nerve roots contribute to the innervation of serratus anterior?

A

C5, C6, C7

129
Q

Attachments of serratus anterior

A

Proximal: ribs 1-9
Distal: medial border of scapula
Note that the muscle actually runs between the ribs and the scapula.

130
Q

Actions (and axes) of serratus anterior at the sternoclavicular joint

A

Protraction (vertical), depression (AP), upward rotation of glenoid fossa/lateral rotation of inferior angle (oblique axis)

131
Q

What are the key muscles that act on the sternoclavicular joint in full flexion and abduction of the arm?

A

Trapezius and serratus anterior

132
Q

Clinical finding in weakness/paralysis of serratus anterior

A

“winging” of the scapula, especially prominent on flexion and abduction of the arm

133
Q

What is the primary action of serratus anterior during a push-up?

A

Protraction

134
Q

What is the primary action of trapezius during a push-up?

A

Retraction

135
Q

Innervation of pectoralis minor

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

136
Q

What kind of nerve fibers innervate pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior division fibers from C5-T1

137
Q

Attachments of pectoralis minor

A

Proximal: ribs 3-5
Distal: coracoid process

138
Q

Actions (and axes) of pectoralis minor at sternoclavicular joint

A

Depression (AP), protraction (vertical), downward rotation of glenoid fossa/medial rotation of inferior angle (oblique axis)

139
Q

What muscles elevate the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Upper fibers of trapezius; rhomboids; levator scapulae

140
Q

What muscles depress the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Lower fibers of trapezius; pectoralis minor; serratus anterior

141
Q

What muscles protract the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior

142
Q

What muscles retract the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Trapezius; rhomboids; a small contribution from the levator scapulae

143
Q

What muscles cause upward rotation of the glenoid fossa?

A

Trapezius; serratus anterior

144
Q

What muscles cause downward rotation of the glenoid fossa?

A

Pectoralis minor, rhomboids; levator scapulae

145
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus; infraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis

146
Q

Which of the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint are located in the shoulder?

A

Deltoid; pectoralis major; latissimus dorsi; teres major; supraspinatus; infraspinatus; teres minor; subscapularis

147
Q

Which of the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint are located in the arm?

A

Biceps brachii; triceps brachii; coracobrachialis

148
Q

Innervation of deltoid

A

Axillary nerve

149
Q

Which actions (and their respective axes) can be produced by the deltoid?

A

All of them!
AP axis: abduction (all except posterior-inferior fibers); adduction (posterior-inferior fibers only)
Transverse axis: flexion (anterior fibers), extension (posterior fibers)
Vertical axis: lateral rotation (posterior fibers), medial rotation (anterior fibers)

150
Q

Attachments of the deltoid

A

Proximal: entire length of the spine of the scapula, lateral border of the acromion process, and lateral third of the clavicle
Distal: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

151
Q

This is the most superficial of the lateral extensor muscles of the forearm, and originates proximal to the lateral epicondyle

A

Brachioradialis

152
Q

These two lateral extensor muscles originate proximal to the lateral epicondyle, and extend the wrist.

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

153
Q

These three muscles extend the wrist and flex the elbow

A

Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

154
Q

This muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle and extends the wrist as its primary function

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

155
Q

These three extensor compartment muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle

A

Extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

156
Q

This structure binds down extensor tendons at the wrist

A

Extensor retinaculum

157
Q

These 3 deep extensor muscles move the thumb

A

Extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

158
Q

List the five deep extensor muscles

A

Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis

159
Q

Around which axis does flexion/extension of the thumb take place?

A

AP axis

160
Q

Around which axis does adduction/abduction of the thumb take place?

A

Transverse axis

161
Q

Around which axis does medial/lateral rotation of the thumb take place?

A

Vertical axis

162
Q

What secondary action can extensor pollicis longus do?

A

extend the wrist (in addition to extending the thumb)

163
Q

What secondary actions can extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus do?

A

Both of them can weakly flex the wrist.

164
Q

Which artery passes through the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Radial artery

165
Q

How many muscles move the thumb?

A

8

166
Q

These four muscles are in the superficial layer of the flexor compartment of the forearm, and are anchored to the medial epicondyle.

A

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

167
Q

This muscle forms the second layer of the flexor compartment of the forearm.

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

168
Q

This muscle is the only one that can move the DIP joint

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

169
Q

These three muscles are located in the deep two layers of the flexor compartment of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor pollicis longus, Pronator quadratus

170
Q

This structure binds down tendons of the flexor compartment

A

Flexor retinaculum

171
Q

Which structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

4 flexor digitorum superficialis tendons, flexor pollicis longus tendon, 4 flexor digitorum profundus tendons, median nerve

172
Q

Where do the ulnar nerve and artery pass through the wrist?

A

Guyon’s canal, which is outside the carpal tunnel

173
Q

What are the muscles of the thenar compartment?

A

Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis

174
Q

What are the muscles of the hypothenar compartment?

A

Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi

175
Q

What actions do dorsal interosseous muscles perform?

A

Abduction of the digits

176
Q

What actions do palmar interosseous muscles perform?

A

Adduction of the digits

177
Q

Where do the lumbrical muscles originate and attach?

A

Originate at flexor digitorum profundus tendons, attach to the extensor head (no bony attachments)

178
Q

What is the reference point for abduction/adduction of the fingers?

A

The middle finger

179
Q

What is the name for the fluid-filled lubricating structure around the flexor digitorum tendons in the fingers?

A

Synovial tendon sheaths

180
Q

What synovial sheath surrounds flexor pollicis longus in the wrist?

A

Radial bursa

181
Q

What synovial sheath surrounds the flexor digitorum tendons as they pass through the wrist?

A

Ulnar bursa

Mind & Motion (7 decks)

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