Anatomy - sidebyside Flashcards
Define anisocytosis.
varying cell sizes
Defi ne poikilocytosis
varying cell shapes
From which cells do B cells
arise?
stem cells in bone marrow
From which cells do plasma
cells differentiate?
B cells
How can a Nissl stain be used
to differentiate microglia
from oligodendroglia?
Microglia are not discernable in a Nissl stain while oligodendroglia appear as small dark nuclei with dark chromatin
In what type of CNS tissue
(white or grey) are
oligodendroglia predominant?
white matter
Into what cell type does a
monocyte differentiate in
tissues?
Macrophages
Name 2 substances produced
by an eosinophil.
histiminase and arylsulfatase
Name the three types of
leukocytic granulocytes.
basophils, eosinophils, and
neutrophils
Name the two types of
mononuclear leukocytes.
lymphocytes and monocytes
What are 2 functions of T cell
lymphocytes?
- cellular immune response -
regulation of B lymphocytes
and macrophages
What are 2 morphological
features of microglia?
- small irregular nuclei - and
relatively little cytoplasm
What are 3 examples of
peripheral lymphoid tissue?
- follicles of lymph nodes -
white pulp of spleen -
unencapsulated lymphoid
tissue
What are 3 functions of a
macrophage?
- pagocytosis of bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells - scavenges damaged cells and tissues - can function as an antigen presenting cell
What are 3 morphological
characteristics of monocytes?
- Large - Kidney-shaped
nucleus - Extensive ‘frosted
glass’ cytoplasm
What are 4 characteristics of
the plasma cell morphology?
- Off center nucleus - Clock
face chromatin distribution -
Abundant RER - Well
developed Golgi apparatus
What are 4 morphologic
characteristics of
lymphocytes?
- Round - Small - Densely
staining nucleus - Small
amount of pale cytoplasm
What are 4 substances
contained within the
lysosomes of neutrophils?
- hydrolytic enzymes -
lysozyme - myeloperoxidase - lactoferrin
What are 4 types of cells into
which T cells di! erentiate?
- cytotoxic T cells (MHC I, CD8) - helper T cells (MHCII, CD4) - suppressor T cells - delayed hypersensitivity T cells
What are the 5 important
causes for eosinophilia in
humans?
Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic
process, Collagen vascular
disease, and Parasites
(pneumonic NAACP)
What are the blood cell di !enentiation names of the ACTIVE T CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic
stem cell - Lymphoblast - T
cell - Active T cell
What are the blood cell di !erentiation names of the ERYTHROCYTE cell line beginning with pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic
stem cell - Proerythroblast -
Reticulocyte - Erythrocyte
What are the blood cell di !erentiation names of the MONOCYTE cell lines beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (3)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic
stem cell - Mono blast -
Monocyte
What are the blood cell di !erentiation names of the NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, and BASOPHIL cell lines beginning with the myeloblast stage? (6)
- Myeloblast - Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte - Metamyelocyte
- Stab cell - Neutrophil,
eosinophil or basophil
What are the blood cell di !erentiation names of the PLASMA CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic
stem cell - Lymphoblast - B
cell - Plasma cell
What are the blood cell di !erentiation names of the PLATELET CELL line beginning with the hematopoietic stem cell? (4)
- Pluripotento hematopoietic
stem cell - Megakaryoblast -
Megakaryocyte - Platelets
What are the components of
the air-blood barrier?
- Type I pneumocyte - tight
junction - endothelial cell
What are the steps of
maturation of a B cell? (2
points)
- maturation in the marrow -
migration to peripheral
lymphoid tissue
What are the substances
contained within the densly
basophilic granules of the
basophil? (4)
- Heparin (anticoagulant) - histamine (vasodilator) - vasoactive amines - Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
What are two basic
morphological characteristics
of neutrophils?
- multilobed nucleus - large,
spherical azurophilic primary
granules (lysosomes)
What are two important
functions of a neutrophil?
- acute infl ammmatory
response of a cell -
phagocytosis
What are two names for an
increased number of red
cells?
Erythrocytosis and
polycythemia
What cell type closely
resembles a mast cell?
basophil
What cranial nerves are
commonly involved in an
acoustic neuroma?
CN VII, VIII (association with
internal acoustic meatus)
What disease is characterized
by destruction of
oligodendroglia?
Multiple sclerosis
What does CD stand for?
cluster of di ! Erentiation
What drug prevents mast cell
degranulation?
What drug prevents mast cell
degranulation?
What immunoglobulin can
bind to the membrane of a
mast cell?
IgE
What is a reticulocyte?
What is a reticulocyte?
What is an important example
of a Schwannoma?
Acoustic neuroma
What is another name for
pulmonary sufractant?
DPPC
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
What is percentage of
leukocytes in the blood exist
as basophils?
less than 1%
What is the ‘gap’ between the
myelination segment of 2
Schwann cells called?
Node of Ranvier
What is the advantage of the
large surface area:volume
ratio in erythrocytes?
easy gas exchange (Oxygen
and Carbon dioxide)
What is the basic morphologic
structure of an erythrocyte?
Anucleate, biconcave
What is the basic morphology
of an eosinophil? (2 things)
- bilobate nucleus - packed
with large eosinophilic
granules of uniform size
What is the embryologic
origin of microglia?
mesoderm
I miss u so much~
kiss my dear bear~
What is the function of
Interferon gamma with
relation to macrophages?
macrophage activation
What is the function of
microglia?
phagocytosis in CNS
What is the function of
oligodendroglia?
myelination of multiple CNS
axons
What is the function of
pulmonary surfactant?
lowers alveolar surface
tension and prevents
atelectasis
What is the function of
Schwann cells?
myelination of PNS (a
Schwann cell myelinates only
one PNS axon)
What is the importance of the
lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio?
> 2.0 in fetal lung is
indicative of fetal lung
maturity
What is the importance of the
physiologic chloride shift in
erythrocytes?
Membranes contain the chloride bicarbonate antiport allowing the RBC to transport carbon dioxide from the the lung periphery for elimination.
What is the last segment of
lung tissue in which ciliated
cells are found?
respiratory bronchioles
What is the last segment of
lung tissue in which goblet
cells are found?
terminal broncioles (remember ciliated cells sweep away mucous produced by goblet cells and therefore run deeper)
What is the primary function
of a basophil?
Mediates allergic reactions
What is the primary function
of a leukocyte?
Defense against infections
What is the primary function
of a mast cell?
Mediates allergic reactions
What is the primary function
of a plasma cell?
production of large amounts
of a specific antibody to a
particular antigen
What is the primary source of
energy for erythrocytes?
glucose (90% anaerobically
degraded to lactate, 10% by
HMP shunt)
What is the process of
degranulation in mast cells?
release of histamine, heparin,
and eosinophil chemotactic
factors
What is the range of
concentration for leukocytes
in the blood?
4,000 - 10,000 cells per
microliter
What is the response of an
eosiniphil to antigen antibody
complexes?
high degree of phagocytosis
What is the response of
microglia to tissue dammage?
transformation into large
ameboid phagocytic cells
What is the response to
microglia infected with HIV?
fusion to form multinucleated
giant cells in CNS
What is the survival time for
an erythrocyte?
120 days
What pathognomonic change
is seen in neutrophils of a
person who is folate/vitamin
B12 defi cient?
hypersegmented polys
hypersegmented polys
1 - 6%
What percentage of
leukocytes exist as
neutrophils in the blood?
40 - 75%
What percentage of
leukocytes in blood are
monocytes?
2 - 10%
What process occurs when
type I pneumocytes are
damaged?
Type II pneumocytes develop
into type I
What substance in eosinophilic granules is primarily responsible for defense against helminths and protozoan infections?
major basic protein
Where is the site of
maturation of T lymphocytes?
Thymus
Which cell type constituitively
secretes pulmonary
surfactant?
Type II pneumocyte
Which cell type lines the
alveoli?
Type I pneumocyte
Which leukemia is the result
of plasma cell neoplasm?
Multiple myeloma
Which type of hypersensitivity
reaction is a mast cell
involved in?
Type I hypersensitivity
reaction
Which type of immunity do B
cells exhibit?
humoral immunity
After arising from the floor of
the primitive pharynx, where
does the thryoid diverticulum
go?
It descends down into the
neck
After the first breath at birth,
what causes closure of the
ductus arteriosus?
An increase in oxygen
After the first breath at birth,
what causes the closure of
the foramen ovale?
A decrease resistance in
pulmonary vasculature causes
increased left atrial pressure
vs. right atrial pressure
Although the diaphragm
descends during
development, it maintains
innervation from ____?
C3-C5
An easy pneumonic to
remember fetal erythropoiesis
is?
Young Liver Synthesizes
Blood
At what time in the course of
development is the fetus
most susceptible to
teratogens?
Weeks 3-8
Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ to the lower body of the fetus.
ductus arteriosus
Do the cardiovascular
structures arise from neural
crest (ectoderm), mesoderm,
or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Do the chroma” n cells of the
adrenal medulla arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Do the enterochroma” n cells
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Do the lungs arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Endoderm
Do the lymphatics arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Do the melanocytes arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Do the neural crest cells arise
from mesoderm, ectoderm, or
endoderm?
Ectoderm
Do the odontoblasts arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Do the parafollicular (C) cells
of the thyroid arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Do the Schwann cells arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Do the urogenital structures
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does blood arise from neural
crest (ectoderm), mesoderm,
or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does bone arise from neural
crest (ectoderm), mesoderm,
or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does muscle arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Pat pat~
Everyhing’ll be just fine~
Does the thyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Endoderm
Does the adrenal cortex arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does the ANS arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Does the celiac ganglion arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Does the dorsal root ganglion
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Does the dura connective
tissue arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does the gut tube epithelium
arise from neural crest
(ectoderm), mesoderm, or
endoderm?
Endoderm
Does the liver arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Endoderm
Does the pancreas arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Endoderm
Does the parathyroid arise
from neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Endoderm
Does the pia arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
Does the serous linings of
body cavities arise from
neural crest (ectoderm),
mesoderm, or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does the spleen arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Mesoderm
Does the thymus arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm?
Endoderm
From what does the
ligamentum teres hepatis
arise?
Umbilical vein
How does a bicornate uterus
form?
Results from incomplete
fusion of the
paramesonephric ducts
How does a cleft lip form?
Failure of fusion of the
maxillary and medial nasal
processes
How does a cleft palate form?
Failure of fusion of the lateral
palatine processes, the nasal
septum, and/or the median
palatine process
How does a horseshoe kidney
form?
Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse, as they ascend from the pelvis during development they get trapped under the inferior mesenteric artery, and remain low in the abdomen
How is meckel’s diverticulum
di !erent than an
omphalomesenteric cyst?
Omphalomesenteric cyst is a
cystic dilatation of the
vitelline duct
How long does full
development of
spermatogenesis take?
2 months
How many arteries and veins
does the umbilical cord
contain?
—2 umbilical arteries (carries
deoxygenated blood away
from fetus) - 1 umbilical vein
(oxygenated blood to fetus)
Is a primary spermatocyte 2N
or 4N?
4N
Is a primary spermatocyte
haploid or diploid?
Diploid, 4N
Is a secondary spermatocyte
haploid or diploid?
Haploid, 2N
Is a secondary spermatocyte
N or 2N?
2N
Is a speratogonium haploid or
diploid?
Diploid, 2N
Is a spermatid haploid or
diploid?
Haploid, N
Meiosis I is arrested in which
phase until ovulation?
Prophase
Meiosis II is arrested in which
phase until fertilization?
Metaphase (an egg MET a
sperm)
Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via IVC is diverted through the \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ and pumped out the aorta to the head.
foramen ovale
The right common cardinal
vein and right anterior
cardinal vein give rise to what
adult heart structure?
Superior vena cava
The stapedius muscle of the
ear is formed by which
branchial arch?
2nd
This type of bone formation consists of ossification of cartilaginous molds and forms long bones at primary and secondary centers.
Endochondral
True or False, blood in the
umbilical vein is 100%
saturated with oxygen?
False, it is 80% saturated
True or False, there are two
types of spermatogonia?
True, type A & type B
What are the 1st branchial
arch derivatives innervated
by?
CN V2 and V3
What are the 2nd branchial
arch derivatives innervated
by?
CN VII
What are the 3rd branchial
arch derivatives innervated
by?
CN IX
What are the 4th and 6th
branchial arch derivatives
innervated by?
CN X
What are the cartilage
derivatives (5) of the 4th and
6th branchial arches?
— Thyroid - Cricoid -
Arytenoids - Corniculate -
Cuneiform
What are the five 2’s
associated with meckel’s
diverticulum?
— 2 inches long - 2 feet from the ileocecal valve - 2% of the population - Commonly presents in the first 2 years of life - May have 2 types of epithelia
What are the rule of 2’s for
the 2nd week of
development?
— 2 germ layers: epiblast & hypoblast - 2 cavities: amniotic cavity & yolk sac - 2 components to the placenta: cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast
What are the rule of 3’s for
the 3rd week of development?
3 germ layers (gastrula):
ectoderm, mesoderm,
endoderm
What can a persistent cervical
sinus lead to?
A branchial cyst in the neck
What can be found in the
cortex of the thymus?
It is dense with immature T
cells
What can be found in the
medulla of the thymus?
It is pale with mature T cells,
epithelial reticular cells, and
Hassall’s corpuscles
What connects the thyroid
diverticulum to the tongue?
The thyroglossal duct
What devlopmental
contributions does the 5th
branchial arch make?
None
What do the 2nd - 4th branchial clefts form, which are obliterated by proliferation of the 2nd arch mesenchyme?
Temporary cervical sinuses
What does aberrant
development of the 3rd and
4th pouches cause?
DiGeorge’s syndrome
What does the 1st aortic arch
give rise to?
Part of the maxillary artery
What does the 2nd
pharyngeal pouch develop
into?
Epithelial lining of the
palantine tonsils
What does the 3rd aortic arch
give rise to?
Common carotid artery and
proximal part of the internal
carotid artery
What does the 4th pharyngeal
pouch develop into?
Superior parathyroids
What does the 5th aortic arch
give rise to?
Nothing
What does the 5th pharyngeal
pouch develop into?
C cells of the thyroid
What does the 6th aortic arch
give rise to?
The proximal part of the
pulmonary arteries and (on
left only) ductus arteriosus
What does the ductus
arteriosus give rise to?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What does the ductus
venosus shunt blood away
from?
Liver
What does the fi rst branchial
cleft develop into?
The external auditory meatus
What does the foramen ovale
give rise to?
Fossa ovalis
What does the left 4th aortic
arch give rise to?
Aortic arch
What does the ligamentum
venosum come from?
Ductus venosus
What does the notochord give
rise to?
Nucleus Pulposus
What does the primitive atria
give rise to?
Trabeculated left and right
atrium
What does the primitive
ventricle give rise to?
Trabeculated parts of the left
and right ventricle
What does the right 4th aortic
arch give rise to?
Proximal part of the right
subclavian artery
Fighting~!
Hug hug~
What does the right horn of
the sinus venosus give rise
to?
Smooth part of the right
atrium
What does the spleen arise
from?
Dorsal mesentery, but is
supplied by the artery of the
foregut
What does the thymus arise
from?
Epithelium of the 3rd
branchial pouch
What does the thyroid
diverticulum arise from?
The fl oor of the primitive
pharynx
What does the truncus
arteriosus give rise to?
The ascending aorta and
pulmonary trunk
What does the umbilical
arteries give rise to?
Medial umbilical ligaments
What ear muscle does the 1st
branchial arch form?
Tensor tympani
What effect does 13-cis-
retinoic acid have on the
fetus?
Extremely high risk for birth
defects
What effect does ACE
inhibitors have on the fetus?
Renal Damage
What effect does iodide have
on the fetus?
Congenital goiter or
hypothyroidism
What effect does warfarin and
x-rays have on the fetus?
Multiple anomalies
What effects does cocaine
have on the fetus?
Abnormal fetal development
and fetal addiction
What embryonic structure are
the smooth parts of the left
and right ventricle derived
from?
Bulbus cordis
What embryonic structure
does the coronary sinus come
from?
Left horn of the sinus
venosus
What embryonic structure
does the median umbilical
ligament come from?
Allantois (urachus)
What fetal landmark has
developed within week 2 of
fertilization?
Bilaminar disk
What fetal landmark has
occurred within week 1 of
fertilization?
Implantation
What fetal landmark has
occurred within week 3 of
fertilization?
Gastrulation
What fetal landmarks (2) have
developed within week 3 of
fertilization?
Primitive streak and neural
plate begin to form
What five things arise from
neuroectoderm?
— Neurohypophysis - CNS
neurons - Oligodendrocytes -
Astrocytes - Pineal gland
What four structures make up
the diaphragm?
— Septum transversum -
pleuroperitoneal folds - body
wall - dorsal mesentery of
esophagus
What four things arise from
surface ectoderm?
— Adenohypophysis - Lens of
eye - Epithelial linings -
Epidermis
What four things does
Meckel’s cartilage (from the
1st arch) develop into?
— Mandible - Malleus - Incus
- Sphenomandibular ligament
What four things does
Reichert’s cartilage (from the
2nd arch) develop into?
— Stapes - Styloid process -
Lesser horn of hyoid -
Stylohyoid ligament
What four things does the
dorsal pancreatic bud
become?
Body, tail, isthmus, and
accessory pancreatic duct
What four things does the
mesonephric (wol”an) duct
develop into?
— Seminal vesicles -
Epididymis - Ejaculatory duct
- Ductus deferens
What induces the ectoderm to
form the neuroectoderm
(neural plate)?
Notochord
What is a hiatal hernia?
Abdominal contents herniate
into the thorax due to
incomplete development of
the diaphragm
What is a hypospadias?
Abnormal opening of penile
urethra on inferior side of
penis due to failure of
urethral folds to close
