anatomy sheet 1

Question 1

Parts of the Brain

Answer 1

1-Cerebrum:caver diencephalon
* Cerebral hemispheres
* Corpus callosum :white mater fibers connect 2 hemispheres
2-Diencephalon:internal of cerebrum
* thalamus, hypothalamus,”anterior inferior of thalamus” & epithalamus “posterior of thalamus and contine pineal gland and 2 hapnular nucle”
3- Cerebellum :inferior cerebrum and posterior brainstem and connect direct with brain stem
4-Brainstem
* medulla”Caudal &connect with spinal cord “, pons & midbrain “Rostral &connect direct with diencephalon & cerebrum “

Question 2

Cranial Nerves

Answer 2

• Two cranial nerves (I and II) contain only sensory fibers and are therefore called sensory nerves
• The other cranial nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and are therefore called mixed nerves

Question 3

Gray and White Matter

Answer 3

White matter = myelinated processes (white in color)
* Gray matter = nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia (gray color)

Question 4

Fasciculi, Lemnisci, & Tracts

Answer 4

Fasciculi: white mater in brain “Gracile & cuneate fasciculi”
Lemnisci:part of sensory asending tract second order “Medial & lateral lemnisci”
Tracts:in spinal cord acending or decending

Question 5

Afferent Vs. Efferent

Answer 5

PNS
* Afferent – Sensory fibers
* Efferent – Motor fibers
SC
* Afferent – Ascending tracts
* Efferent – Descending tracts
Brain parts
* Afferent – Inputs
* Efferent – Outputs

Question 6

Ganglia Vs. Nuclei

Answer 6

• Both are clusters of neurons to form functional unit
• Nuclei in CNS
• Ganglia in PNS
• Sensory ganglia (DRG)
• Autonomic ganglia

Question 7

Cerebrum
(Cerebral Hemispheres)

Answer 7

**Longitudinal fissure separates left & right cerebral hemispheres
**Corpus callosum is band of white matter connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres
**Cerebral cortex is gray matter overlying white matter
* 2‐4 mm thick containing billions of cells
* grew so quickly formed folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci or fissures)
** Each hemisphere is subdivided into 4 lobes

Question 8

Lobes and Fissures

Answer 8

Longitudinal fissure
* Frontal lobe
Central sulcus
* precentral & postcentral gyrus
* Parietal lobe
Parieto‐occipital sulcus
* Occipital lobe
Lateral sulcus
* Temporal lobe
* Insula :deep inside lateral fissure so both side is lateral fissure

Question 9

Cerebral White Matter

Answer 9

• Association fibers between gyri in same hemisphere
• Commissural fibers from one hemisphere to other
• Projection fibers form descending & ascending tracts

Question 10

Commissural Fibers

Answer 10

Corpus callosum

• Rostrum
• Genu
  
  • Forceps minor
• Body
• Splenium
  * Forceps major
  #Anterior commissure
  #Posterior commissure
• Inferior to pineal gland
  #Habenular commissure
• Superior to pineal gland
  #Fornix

pineal gland:posterior to thalamus is epithalamus is contine of pineal gland superior it habenular nucle ma;e habenular commissure

Question 11

Projection Fibers

Answer 11

1-Corona radiata:from cerebrum cortex
2- Internal capsule “between disepheram (thalamus) and (basal ganglua)”
* Anterior limb
* Genu
* Posterior limb
* Optic radiation
3-Crus cerebri
4-Pyramid

يعني بالاول عنا البيسل جانجيليا وبعدين انتيرنال كبسول وبعدين ثلمس

Question 12

Association Fibers

Answer 12

• Short association fibers
  
  • Connect adjacent gyri
  • Close to cortex
• Long association fibers
  * Connect the lobes

Question 13

Association Fibers: long fibers

Answer 13

1-Superior longitudinal fasciculus
* Connects the 4 lobes together
* Arcuate fasciculus
* Broca’s & Wernicke’s
2-Uncinate fasciculus
* Orbital frontal gyri with temporal pole
3-Occipitofrontal fasciculus
* Occipital & frontal
4- Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
* Occipital & temporal lobes
5- Cingulum
* Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus & septal area
6-Calcarine fasciculus (short fibers)
* Cuneus & lingual gyri

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