Anatomy Semester II Final Flashcards
1
Q
The neurotransmitter released by nerve cells to cause muscle contraction
A
Acetylcholine
2
Q
An involuntary muscle contraction of muscles that are normally under voluntary control is known as
A
Twitch
3
Q
The contractile unit of muscle which contains thick and thin filaments is called a
A
Sarcomere
4
Q
What ions are released from the SR to cause a muscle to contract
A
Calcium
5
Q
Which connective tissue surrounds the bundles (fascicles) of 10-100 muscle cells
A
Paramyosin
6
Q
After an action potential runs across the sarcolemma it will then travel down to the
A
T-tubule
7
Q
The thin filament is made up of what three proteins
A
Troponin, Actin, tropomyosin
8
Q
Describe three sources of ATP production within a muscle
A
- direct phosphorylation
- Anaerobic (glycolysis + lactic acid)
- Aerobic (cellular respiration needs oxygen)
9
Q
What are the 4 parts of a twitch contraction
A
- latent
- contraction
- relaxation
4.refractory (muscle unable to respond to stimuli temporarily)
10
Q
Movement of limb toward the body midline
A
Adduction
11
Q
Combination movement and the proximal end if limb is stationary and the distal end moves in a circle
A
Circumduction
12
Q
A movement that decreases the angle of the join and brings two bones closes together
A
Flexion
13
Q
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
A
Abduction
14
Q
Movement that increases the angle between two bones and moves them further apart
A
Extension
15
Q
Responsible for the production of Myelin Sheath in CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
16
Q
Supports the cell body
A
Satelite
17
Q
Responsible for Phagocytosis
A
Microglia
18
Q
Form BBB by covering capillaries and metabolize neurotransmitters
A
Astrocytes
19
Q
Responsible for the production of myelin sheath in PNS
A
Schwann
20
Q
Circulates/produce cerebrospinal fluid
A
Ependymal
21
Q
During action potential, ion channels open, NA+ rushes in ______ and K+ rushed out _____
A
Depolarization and Repolarization
22
Q
The progressive destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS result in the short circuiting of nerve impulses. This leads to muscular weakness and abnormal sensations in which diseases?
A
Parkinson’s and M.S
23
Q
The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is called a
A
Synapse
24
Q
Cells of the nervous system which supports the neurons by producing myelin sheaths, and attaching neurons to blood vessels are called
A
Neuroglial cells
25
Cranial Nerve V, _______ controls mastication (chewing)
trigeminad
26
What lobe of your brain regulates vision
occipital lobe
27
Functions such as thirst, hunger, anger, and body temperature are regulated by
Hypothalamus
28
Which part of the brain is considered the respiratory, cardiovascular and reflex center (coughing, sneezing)
Medulla Oblongata
29
The grooves of the brain are called
Sulci
30
This type of paralysis is described as loss of motor function on one side only
Hemiplegia
31
How many spinal nerves must be anesthetized in order to block all sensory input
3
32
Which part of the spinal cord has the most pairs of nerves
Thoracic
33
Reflexes
Brain stem
34
Motor Coordination
Cerebellum
35
Autonomic Functions
Hypothalamus
36
Memory
Cerebral Cortex
37
Conscious Thought
Cerebrum
38
Personality
Frontal
39
Vision
Occipital
40
Movement
Parietal
41
Breathing/ Heart Rate
Medulla
42
Speech/Language
Temporal
43
Motor Control
Pons
44
Disseminates Info
Corpus Callosum
45
Wernicke's Area
Speech
46
Cranial Nerve I
Smell
47
Cranial Nerve II
Vision
48
Cranial Nerve III
Accomodation of the lens
49
Cranial Nerve IV
Superior Oblique Eye muscle control
50
Cranial Nerve V
mastication
51
Cranial Nerve VI
Lateral Eye movement
52
Cranial Nerve VII
Glandular secretions in the face
53
Cranial Nerve VIII
Hearing and balance
54
Cranial Nerve IX
Lift throats during swallowing
55
Cranial Nerve X
control cardiac and smooth muscles
56
Cranial Nerve XI
Controls neck muscles like the sternocleidomastoid
57
Cranial Nerve XII
Controls tongue during speech
58
Describe the contents, function and production of the cerebral spinal fluid
Clear, 500 mL is generated daily, cushion and buffer for the brain, has white blood cells for protection
59
What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier
Protect brain from pathogens, still allow for nutrients to pass
60
The white, outermost layer of the eyeball, composed of tough connective tissue
sclera
61
The area of sharpest vision in the retina of the eye is known as the
Fovea centralis
62
The posterior portion of the eye is called
retina
63
The area of the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye is known as
optic disc
64
The membrane that separates the external ear canal from the middle ear is known as the
tympanic membrane
65
A condition that is a normal part of aging, commonly occuring during the forties, and resulting in a decrease in the ability of the eye to accommodate for near vision (you might need glasses)
Presbyopia
66
This type of deafness is caused by destruction or damage to the tympanic membrane
conductive
67
Elevations of the tongue
papalle
68
The part of the eye that consists of smooth muscle that hold lens in place is called
ciliary body
69
The visibly colored part of the eye
iris
70
Another name for earwax
cerumen
71
The flexible, visible part of the ear
auricle
72
Mucus, in relation to olfaction, is created by
olfactory gland
73
The part of the tongue detects bitter taste is found on the back on the
circumvallate papillae
74
The photo sensitive cells in the retina that function in dim light but do not produced color vision are called
rods
75
An astigmatism is usually due to
cornea being wavy
76
This type of equilibrium maintains body position during sudden motion
Dynamic
77
The choroid layer of the eye, which contains blood vessels and pigment cells is known as
vascular tunic
78
a condition caused by excessive pressure buildup in the aqueous humor, which can constrict blood vessels entering the eye
Glaucoma
79
The ability of the eye to see distant objects but not close ones is known as
Hyperopia
80
The ______ is also known as the blind spot of the eye
Optic disc
81
The posterior part of the eye is filled with _____, which maintains ocular pressure, refracts or bends light, and holds the retina and lens in place
Vitreous Humor
82
The ear canal is lined with hairs and modified sebaceous glands called __________ glands
Ceruminous
83
The ability to see close objects but not distant ones is known as _______
Myopia
84
A bacterial infection of the conjunctiva of the eye is called _______
Conjunctivitis
85
In a cow eye dissection, the shiny bluish/green layer in the posterior portion of the eye was the
Tapetum lucidum
86
When speaking of balance the _________ of the bony labyrinth, house the hair cells that move in response to changing equilibrium
Ampulla
87
The transparent structure in the anterior part of the eye that refracts light in the __________
Cornea
88
The _______ muscles regulates the amount of light that enters through the pupil
Iris
89
Picture "A" is showing an 18 year old female with which refraction problem
Myopia (nearsightedness)
90
Picture "B" is showing an 18 year old female with which refraction problem
Hypermetropia (farsightedness)
91
Tears contain an enzyme called amylase that contains a bactericide
False
92
The lens is avascular
True
93
The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries
94
The blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are called
veins
95
The universal blood donor is
O-
96
The blood type known as the universal recipient is known as
AB +
97
What makes blood type B- unable to be donated to a patient with blood type O-
Type O has antibodies that react within the B- antigens
98
The non-living, liquid portion of blood cells
plasma
99
Another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
100
White blood cells are called
leukocytes
101
In which type of blood vessels does the exchange of nutrients and wastes, from the blood to the tissue cells
capillaries
102
Which pigment protein is responsible for giving blood its red color and attaching to oxygen
Hemoglobin
103
Which of the following WBC's is not a Granulocyte
lymphocyte
104
Which WBC is the largest and whose main job is phagocytosis
monocytes
105
When the heart valves do not close properly there is a leakage of blood back into the chambers. This gives off heart sounds that are abnormal. These are called
murmurs
106
What is THE major artery that carries blood to the brain
cortoid
107
Which valve controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid
108
What is the name of the blood vessels which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
109
What is the largest blood vessel in the body
aorta
110
What is the "normal" resting heart rate of a person
60-75 bpm
111
The heart created a "lub-dub" sound. What do the lub dub represent
Av valves closing = lub
Semilunar valves closing = dub
112
What cardiac structure is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the ventricles
Myocardium
113
ridged roof of mouth
hard palate
114
posterior muscular part of the roof of the mouth
soft palate
115
contains taste buds; important in digestion
tongue
116
a muscular tube food travels to get to the stomach
Esophagus
117
A flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
118
breaks down toxic substances, and makes bile
liver
119
a saclike organ that stores bile
gall bladder
120
a sac like organ used for mechanical digestion
stomach
121
a long organ responsible for absorption of nutrients from food
small instetine
122
Final organ in digestion; absorption of water and compact/expels force
large intestine
123
membrane which connect the intestines
mesentery
124
last part of the digestive tract, in which feces is stored for elimination from the body
rectum
125
helps develop white blood cells; attacks pathogens
spleen
126
makes insulin
pancreas
127
tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
128
organ that filters wastes form the blood while regulating water levels in the body
kidneys
129
tube that goes from bladder to outside
urethra
130
stores urine
urinary bladder
131
upper part of the trachea (voice box)
larynx
132
remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen
lungs
133
muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, aids in breathing
Diaphragm
134
carries air to and from the lungs; windpipe
trachea
135
large artery arising from the base of the left ventricle
Aorta
136
Two upper chambers of the heart, receive blood from the veins
atria
137
membrane sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
138
lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and in turn force it into the arteries
ventricle
138
two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium
vena cava
