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Anatomy > Anatomy Semester II Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Semester II Final Flashcards

1
Q

The neurotransmitter released by nerve cells to cause muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

An involuntary muscle contraction of muscles that are normally under voluntary control is known as

A

Twitch

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3
Q

The contractile unit of muscle which contains thick and thin filaments is called a

A

Sarcomere

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4
Q

What ions are released from the SR to cause a muscle to contract

A

Calcium

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5
Q

Which connective tissue surrounds the bundles (fascicles) of 10-100 muscle cells

A

Paramyosin

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6
Q

After an action potential runs across the sarcolemma it will then travel down to the

A

T-tubule

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7
Q

The thin filament is made up of what three proteins

A

Troponin, Actin, tropomyosin

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8
Q

Describe three sources of ATP production within a muscle

A
  1. direct phosphorylation
  2. Anaerobic (glycolysis + lactic acid)
  3. Aerobic (cellular respiration needs oxygen)
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9
Q

What are the 4 parts of a twitch contraction

A
  1. latent
  2. contraction
  3. relaxation
    4.refractory (muscle unable to respond to stimuli temporarily)
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10
Q

Movement of limb toward the body midline

A

Adduction

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11
Q

Combination movement and the proximal end if limb is stationary and the distal end moves in a circle

A

Circumduction

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12
Q

A movement that decreases the angle of the join and brings two bones closes together

A

Flexion

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13
Q

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

A

Abduction

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14
Q

Movement that increases the angle between two bones and moves them further apart

A

Extension

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15
Q

Responsible for the production of Myelin Sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Supports the cell body

A

Satelite

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17
Q

Responsible for Phagocytosis

A

Microglia

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18
Q

Form BBB by covering capillaries and metabolize neurotransmitters

A

Astrocytes

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19
Q

Responsible for the production of myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann

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20
Q

Circulates/produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal

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21
Q

During action potential, ion channels open, NA+ rushes in ______ and K+ rushed out _____

A

Depolarization and Repolarization

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22
Q

The progressive destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS result in the short circuiting of nerve impulses. This leads to muscular weakness and abnormal sensations in which diseases?

A

Parkinson’s and M.S

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23
Q

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is called a

A

Synapse

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24
Q

Cells of the nervous system which supports the neurons by producing myelin sheaths, and attaching neurons to blood vessels are called

A

Neuroglial cells

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25
Q

Cranial Nerve V, _______ controls mastication (chewing)

A

trigeminad

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26
Q

What lobe of your brain regulates vision

A

occipital lobe

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27
Q

Functions such as thirst, hunger, anger, and body temperature are regulated by

A

Hypothalamus

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28
Q

Which part of the brain is considered the respiratory, cardiovascular and reflex center (coughing, sneezing)

A

Medulla Oblongata

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29
Q

The grooves of the brain are called

A

Sulci

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30
Q

This type of paralysis is described as loss of motor function on one side only

A

Hemiplegia

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31
Q

How many spinal nerves must be anesthetized in order to block all sensory input

A

3

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32
Q

Which part of the spinal cord has the most pairs of nerves

A

Thoracic

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33
Q

Reflexes

A

Brain stem

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34
Q

Motor Coordination

A

Cerebellum

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35
Q

Autonomic Functions

A

Hypothalamus

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36
Q

Memory

A

Cerebral Cortex

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37
Q

Conscious Thought

A

Cerebrum

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38
Q

Personality

A

Frontal

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39
Q

Vision

A

Occipital

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40
Q

Movement

A

Parietal

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41
Q

Breathing/ Heart Rate

A

Medulla

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42
Q

Speech/Language

A

Temporal

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43
Q

Motor Control

A

Pons

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44
Q

Disseminates Info

A

Corpus Callosum

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45
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Speech

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46
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Smell

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47
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Vision

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48
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Accomodation of the lens

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49
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Superior Oblique Eye muscle control

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50
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

mastication

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51
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Lateral Eye movement

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52
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Glandular secretions in the face

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53
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Hearing and balance

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54
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Lift throats during swallowing

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55
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

control cardiac and smooth muscles

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56
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Controls neck muscles like the sternocleidomastoid

57
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Controls tongue during speech

58
Q

Describe the contents, function and production of the cerebral spinal fluid

A

Clear, 500 mL is generated daily, cushion and buffer for the brain, has white blood cells for protection

59
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier

A

Protect brain from pathogens, still allow for nutrients to pass

60
Q

The white, outermost layer of the eyeball, composed of tough connective tissue

A

sclera

61
Q

The area of sharpest vision in the retina of the eye is known as the

A

Fovea centralis

62
Q

The posterior portion of the eye is called

A

retina

63
Q

The area of the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye is known as

A

optic disc

64
Q

The membrane that separates the external ear canal from the middle ear is known as the

A

tympanic membrane

65
Q

A condition that is a normal part of aging, commonly occuring during the forties, and resulting in a decrease in the ability of the eye to accommodate for near vision (you might need glasses)

A

Presbyopia

66
Q

This type of deafness is caused by destruction or damage to the tympanic membrane

A

conductive

67
Q

Elevations of the tongue

A

papalle

68
Q

The part of the eye that consists of smooth muscle that hold lens in place is called

A

ciliary body

69
Q

The visibly colored part of the eye

A

iris

70
Q

Another name for earwax

A

cerumen

71
Q

The flexible, visible part of the ear

A

auricle

72
Q

Mucus, in relation to olfaction, is created by

A

olfactory gland

73
Q

The part of the tongue detects bitter taste is found on the back on the

A

circumvallate papillae

74
Q

The photo sensitive cells in the retina that function in dim light but do not produced color vision are called

A

rods

75
Q

An astigmatism is usually due to

A

cornea being wavy

76
Q

This type of equilibrium maintains body position during sudden motion

A

Dynamic

77
Q

The choroid layer of the eye, which contains blood vessels and pigment cells is known as

A

vascular tunic

78
Q

a condition caused by excessive pressure buildup in the aqueous humor, which can constrict blood vessels entering the eye

A

Glaucoma

79
Q

The ability of the eye to see distant objects but not close ones is known as

A

Hyperopia

80
Q

The ______ is also known as the blind spot of the eye

A

Optic disc

81
Q

The posterior part of the eye is filled with _____, which maintains ocular pressure, refracts or bends light, and holds the retina and lens in place

A

Vitreous Humor

82
Q

The ear canal is lined with hairs and modified sebaceous glands called __________ glands

A

Ceruminous

83
Q

The ability to see close objects but not distant ones is known as _______

A

Myopia

84
Q

A bacterial infection of the conjunctiva of the eye is called _______

A

Conjunctivitis

85
Q

In a cow eye dissection, the shiny bluish/green layer in the posterior portion of the eye was the

A

Tapetum lucidum

86
Q

When speaking of balance the _________ of the bony labyrinth, house the hair cells that move in response to changing equilibrium

A

Ampulla

87
Q

The transparent structure in the anterior part of the eye that refracts light in the __________

A

Cornea

88
Q

The _______ muscles regulates the amount of light that enters through the pupil

A

Iris

89
Q

Picture “A” is showing an 18 year old female with which refraction problem

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

90
Q

Picture “B” is showing an 18 year old female with which refraction problem

A

Hypermetropia (farsightedness)

91
Q

Tears contain an enzyme called amylase that contains a bactericide

A

False

92
Q

The lens is avascular

A

True

93
Q

The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called

A

arteries

94
Q

The blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are called

A

veins

95
Q

The universal blood donor is

A

O-

96
Q

The blood type known as the universal recipient is known as

A

AB +

97
Q

What makes blood type B- unable to be donated to a patient with blood type O-

A

Type O has antibodies that react within the B- antigens

98
Q

The non-living, liquid portion of blood cells

A

plasma

99
Q

Another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

100
Q

White blood cells are called

A

leukocytes

101
Q

In which type of blood vessels does the exchange of nutrients and wastes, from the blood to the tissue cells

A

capillaries

102
Q

Which pigment protein is responsible for giving blood its red color and attaching to oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

103
Q

Which of the following WBC’s is not a Granulocyte

A

lymphocyte

104
Q

Which WBC is the largest and whose main job is phagocytosis

A

monocytes

105
Q

When the heart valves do not close properly there is a leakage of blood back into the chambers. This gives off heart sounds that are abnormal. These are called

A

murmurs

106
Q

What is THE major artery that carries blood to the brain

A

cortoid

107
Q

Which valve controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid

108
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

109
Q

What is the largest blood vessel in the body

A

aorta

110
Q

What is the “normal” resting heart rate of a person

A

60-75 bpm

111
Q

The heart created a “lub-dub” sound. What do the lub dub represent

A

Av valves closing = lub
Semilunar valves closing = dub

112
Q

What cardiac structure is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the ventricles

A

Myocardium

113
Q

ridged roof of mouth

A

hard palate

114
Q

posterior muscular part of the roof of the mouth

A

soft palate

115
Q

contains taste buds; important in digestion

A

tongue

116
Q

a muscular tube food travels to get to the stomach

A

Esophagus

117
Q

A flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis

118
Q

breaks down toxic substances, and makes bile

A

liver

119
Q

a saclike organ that stores bile

A

gall bladder

120
Q

a sac like organ used for mechanical digestion

A

stomach

121
Q

a long organ responsible for absorption of nutrients from food

A

small instetine

122
Q

Final organ in digestion; absorption of water and compact/expels force

A

large intestine

123
Q

membrane which connect the intestines

A

mesentery

124
Q

last part of the digestive tract, in which feces is stored for elimination from the body

A

rectum

125
Q

helps develop white blood cells; attacks pathogens

A

spleen

126
Q

makes insulin

A

pancreas

127
Q

tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

128
Q

organ that filters wastes form the blood while regulating water levels in the body

A

kidneys

129
Q

tube that goes from bladder to outside

A

urethra

130
Q

stores urine

A

urinary bladder

131
Q

upper part of the trachea (voice box)

A

larynx

132
Q

remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen

A

lungs

133
Q

muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, aids in breathing

A

Diaphragm

134
Q

carries air to and from the lungs; windpipe

A

trachea

135
Q

large artery arising from the base of the left ventricle

A

Aorta

136
Q

Two upper chambers of the heart, receive blood from the veins

A

atria

137
Q

membrane sac that encloses the heart

A

pericardium

138
Q

lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and in turn force it into the arteries

A

ventricle

138
Q

two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium

A

vena cava

Anatomy (3 decks)

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