ANATOMY SEM 2 2024 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the components of the anterior cranial fossa?
A
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
2
Q
What are the components of the middle cranial fossa?
A
Sphenoid and Temporal bones
3
Q
What are the components of the posterior cranial fossa?
A
Occipital, temporal and parietal bones
4
Q
What are the bones of the pterion?
A
Frontal, Sphenoid, Parietal, Temporal (Middle meningeal artery underlies pterion)
5
Q
What are the bones of the asterion?
A
Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
6
Q
What are the 4 major dural sheets?
A
Falx Cerebri
Falx Cerebelli
Tentorium Cerebelli
Diaphragm Sellae
7
Q
The Dura Mater is Vascular/Non-Vascular
A
Vascular
8
Q
What is a potential space?
A
A space generated by damage
9
Q
What is a subdural space?
A
Potential space between innermost layer of dura mater and arachnoid mater
10
Q
The Arachnoid Mater is Vascular/Non-vascular
A
Non-Vascular
11
Q
What are the 4 cisterns of the Arachnoid Mater?
A
Cisterna Magna –> largest
Interpeduncular cistern –> front of midbrain
Quadrigeminal cistern –> back of midbrain
Pontine cistern –> front of the pons
12
Q
The Pia Mater is Vascular/Non-Vascular
A
Vascular
13
Q
What connects the Pia Mater to the Arachnoid?
A
Trabecular
14
Q
Where is CSF produced?
A
Choroid Plexus - lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles
15
Q
What arteries supply the brain?
A
Internal + External Carotid Arteries
Common Carotid Artery
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Vertebral Arteries –> Basilar Artery
16
Q
What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
A
Internal Carotid Arteries
Cerebral Arteries - anterior, posterior, middle
Communicating Artery - anterior, posterior
Basilar Artery (Vertebral Arteries)
17
Q
What are the 5 sinuses that allow for venous drainage of the brain?
A
Saggital Sinuses
Straight Sinus
Transverse Sinus
Confluence of Sinuses
Sigmoid Sinus
18
Q
What is the role of the Thalamus divisions?
A
Anterior - Emotion, recent memory (Limbic)
Medial - Mood, emotions
Lateral - Specific thalamic Nuclei (Sensory and motor relay)
19
Q
What modality does the Thalamus not receive any sensory input from?
A
Smell
20
Q
What is the major function of the Hypothalamus?
A
Homeostasis and Survival
21
Q
What input does the Hypothalamus have to the visual system?
A
Circadian Rhythm
22
Q
What input does the Hypothalamus have to the olfactory system?
A
Pheromones - Social Behaviours
23
Q
What input does the Hypothalamus have to the Limbic System?
A
Emotional component to autonomic response
Memory formation W/ Hippocampus
23
Q
What input does the Hypothalamus have to the Somatosensory System?
A
Emotional response to pain
Sexual behaviour
24
What output does the Hypothalamus have with the stress response?
Fight or Flight
25
What output does the Hypothalamus have with cardiovascular function?
Innervates brainstem regions that regulate cardiovascular responses (rates etc.)
26
What is the function of the limbic system?
Emotion, Learning, Memory
26
What are the main components of the limbic system?
Cingulate Gyrus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
26
What is the function of the Amygdala?
Emotions and Overt Behavioural Expressions
27
What is the function of the Hippocampus?
Consolidation of explicit memories
Formation of spatial memories
28
Sympathetic Division of CNS controls ________
Fight or Flight response
29
Para sympathetic Division of CNS controls ________
Rest and Digest
30
What are the gross anatomy compartments of the basal ganglia?
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus - medial + lateral
Substantia Nigra
Subthalmic Nucleus
31
What is the symptoms and cause of Parkinson's disease?
SYMPTOMS: Hypokinesia, Rigidity, Resting tremor
CAUSE: Loss of dopamine - reduced UMN activation
32
What is the symptoms and cause of Huntington's Disease?
SYMPTOMS: Brain function loss, Dementia
CAUSE: ACh and GABA decreased in Striatum
33
What are the 3 lobes of the Cerebellum?
Anterior, Posterior, Floccundocular
34
What is the role of the superior cerebellar peduncle?
Efferents to midbrain and thalamus
35
What is the role of the middle cerebellar peduncle?
Biggest, crossed fibres from pontine nuclei
Connective Pathway
36
What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Afferents from sensory cortex
37
What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum and their respective roles?
1. Spinocerebellum - Posture and movements
2. Cerebrocerebellum - planning movement
3. Vestibulocerebellum - balance + eye control
38
What is the blood supply of the cerebellum?
Cerebellar Arteries
39
What are the components of the OPEN MEDULLA?
Inferior Olivary Nucleus
Medial Lemniscus
Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus
Hypoglossal Nuclei
Vestibular Nuclei
Pyramids
Solitary Nucleus
40
What are the components of the CLOSED MEDULLA?
Gracile Fasiculus and uncles
Gracile Cuneatus and nucleus
Spinal Trigeminal Tract
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Pyramids (Corticospinal Tract)
41
What is the blood supply of the Brainstem?
Basilar artery branches
42
What occurs with lesion of the dorsal horn?
loss of sensory input
43
What occurs with lesion of the ventral horn?
loss of LMN and motor output
44
What is the cause and symptoms of Polio?
CAUSE: Viral disease causes LMN degeneration
Symptoms: paralysis, loss of reflexes, flaccid muscles
45
What re the 3 layers of the spinal cord?
1. Pia Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Dura Mater
45
What is the cause and symptoms of MND?
CAUSE: Progressive Neurodegenerative, UMN + LMN
Symptoms: Muscle Atrophy
46
What is the blood supply of the spinal cord?
Anterior Spinal Artery
Posterior Spinal Artery
Segmental Artery
47
What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?
Longitudinal Veins
Venous Plexus - drains from longitudinal veins
48
What are the 3 chambers of the eye?
Anterior Chamber
Posterior Chamber
Vitreous Chamber
49
What is the role of the ROD photoreceptors and how many are there?
Light Intensity
91 Million
50
What is the role of the CONE photoreceptors and how many are there?
Colour and Vision + High Acuity
4.5 Million
51
Explain photoreceptor function in the dark
cGMP binds to Na+ channels, keeps open
> Allows Na+ influx
> Photoreceptor depolarisation
> Neurotransmitter release from terminal
52
Explain photoreceptor function in the light
cGMP no longer binds to Na+ channels
> Na+ channels close
> Photoreceptor Hyperpolarisation
> No neurotransmitter release
53
What are the distributions of the photoreceptors in the Retina?
Low cones except for concentration at fovea
High rods except for fovea
54
What is the Olfactory receptor Neuron
Chemoreceptors
55
What is Anosmia
Loss of sense of smell
56
What is the conduction speed of C-fibres?
2m/s
56
What is the conduction speed of A delta fibres?
20m/s
57
What are the 2 types of hearing loss?
Conductive - outer ear, middle ear
Sensorineural - Inner ear, auditory nerve
58
What are possible cause of conductive hearing loss?
Ear wax
Ear infection
Punctured tympanic membrane
Ostosclerosis
58
What are possible causes of sensorineural (Acquired) hearing loss?
Trauma
Age-related hearing loss
Some medical drugs/chemicals
59
What are the 3 regions of the ear?
External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
60
What is the role of the tympanic membrane?
Transduces pressure waves into mechanical vibration
Border between external and middle ear
61
What are the 3 ossicles of the middle ear?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
62
What does the inner ear contain?
Membranous labyrinth contains the sensory organs of balance and hearing
63
Where is the Organ of Corti located and what does it contain?
Sits on top of the Basilar Membrane
Contains 3 rows of outer hair cells, 1 row of inner hair cells
64
What are the 5 components of the nose surface anatomy?
Root - between eyes
Naris - openings of airway
Apex - tip of the nose
Nasal septum - divides the 2 naris'
Ala - Sides of nostrils
65
What are the 4 bones of the nose structure?
Nasal Bone
Frontal process of maxilla
Orbital plate of ethmoid
Lacrimal bone
66
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoid
Maxillary - largest
67
What are the 2 parts of the oral region?
Oral Vestibule - region between dental arches and the lips and cheeks
Oral Cavity Proper - lies within confines of teeth
68
What are the EXTRINSIC MUSCLES of the tongue?
Hypoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
69
What are the INTRINSIC MUSCLES of the tongue?
Longitudinal - shorten tongue and curl it up or down
Transverse - lengthen and narrow tongue
Vertical - flatten and widen tongue
70
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
71
What are the 4 supra hyoid muscles?
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
72
What are the 4 infra hyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Omahyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
73
What nerve innervates the pharynx?
Cranial Nerve X (VAGUS) and CN IX (for stylopharyngeus)
74
What is the blood supply of the pharynx?
Ascending Pharyngeal artery
Facial Artery
Maxillary Artery
Inferior Laryngeal Artery
All branches of external carotid
75
What is the function of the Larynx?
Phonation - voice production
Respiratory Tract
Cough Reflex
76
What are the 9 Cartilages of the Larynx?
3 Unpaired: Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis
3 Paired: Aretynoid, corniculate, cuneiform
77
What is the blood supply of the larynx?
Superior Laryngeal Artery
Inferior Laryngeal Artery
78
What is the innervation of the larynx?
Vagus Nerve Branches:
- Superior Laryngeal Nerve
- Inferior Laryngeal Nerve
79
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Intercostal Muscles:
>External
>Internal
> Innermost
80
What is the blood supply of the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
Bronchial arteries
80
What is the venous drainage of the thoracic wall?
Azygous Vein
80
What is the arterial supply of the thoracic walls?
Aorta Branch:
> Posterior intercostal artery
Subclavian Branch:
Internal thoracic artery
Anterior Intercostal Artery
81
What is the innervation of the lungs and pleura?
MOTOR: Solely by ANS
SENSORY: Vagus
82
What are the 4 divisions of the mediastinum and what do they contain?
Superior - great vessels
Middle - heart
Anterior - thymus
Posterior - oesophagus, sympathetic chain, azygous system
83
What is the blood supply to the muscles of the heart?
Left Coronary Artery
Anterior intraventricular artery
Circumflex
Right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior intraventricular artery
84
What is the venous drainage of the heart muscle?
Great, small, middle, posterior cardiac veins:
ALL drain into CORONARY SINUS
85
What is the innervation of the heart?
Parasympathetic: Vagus + Cardiac Plexus
Sympathetic: Post ganglionic nerves via cardiac plexus
86
What are the 9 abdomen regions?
Right + Left Hypochondriac
Right + Left Lateral
Right + Left Inguinal
Epigastric
Umbilical
Pubic (Hypogastric)
87
What is the blood supply of the GIT?
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
88
What is the venous drainage of the GIT?
All veins from gut drain into portal vein - delivers to liver
89
What is the innervation of the GIT?
Celiac Ganglia
Superior Mesenteric Ganglia
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia
90
Which parts of the duodenum are peritoneal and retroperitoneal?
PERIOTNEAL: Superior
RETROPERITONEAL: Descending, Horizontal, Ascending
91
What are the 2 plexuses of the Enteric Nervous System?
Meisseners (Submucosal) plexus - secretory aspect
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus - motor gut function
92
What are the major functions of the Liver?
Metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats
bile production
Detox of drugs and phagocytosis
Storage (Glycogen, vitamins, ferritin)
93
What is the port hepatitis and what does it contain?
DOORWAY TO LIVER:
Hepatic artery
Portal Vein
Bile Passages
Nerves and lymphatics
94
What is the functional unit of the liver?
Lobule
95
What is the blood supply of the liver?
Common Hepatic Artery
96
What is the liver venous drainage?
Right, Left, Middle Hepatic Veins
97
What is the role of Bile?
Emulsification of Fats
98
How is bile transported to the gall bladder from the liver?
Cystic Duct
99
What are the bile passages?
Right + Left Hepatic Ducts
Common Hepatic Duct
Common Bile Duct
Main Pancreatic Duct
100
What is the blood supply of the gall bladder?
Cystic Artery (Celiac Trunk)
101
What is the function of the pancreas?
Secrete pancreatic juice, which has many enzymes to break down foods
102
What is the blood supply of the pancreas?
Celiac Trunk + Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
103
What is the function of the spleen?
RBC and platelet storage
Lymphocyte proliferation
Immune surveillance and response
104
What is the blood supply of the spleen?
Splenic Artery
105
What is the function of the Kidneys?
Remove waste from blood, process urine
106
What is the blood supply of the kidneys?
Renal Arteries
106
What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?
Renal Veins
106
What is the innervation of the kidneys?
Renal branches of Vagus Nerve
106
What is the blood supply of the bladder?
Internal Iliac Artery
Superior and Inferior Vesical Artery
107
What is the innervation of the bladder?
Parasympathetic: Pelvic Splanchnic, Vesical Plexus
Sympathetic: Superior Hypogastric Plexus
Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
108
What is micturition?
Process of emptying bladder
109
What is continence?
Closing of the bladder
110
What are the components of the false pelvis?
Ileum, Caecum, Appendix, Sigmoid Colon
111
What are the components of the true pelvis?
Ureters, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
112
What are the female erectile tissues?
Corpus Cavernous
Bulb of Vestibule
Glans Clitoris
Greater Vestibular Gland
113
What are the male erectile tissues?
Corpus Cavernosus
Corpus Spongiosum
114
What are the 6 components of the penis?
Corpus Cavernosum
Glans of Penis
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongious
Corpus Spongiosum
Urethra
115
What is the blood supply of the penis?
Dorsal + Deep arteries
Pudendal Artery
Testicular Vein
116
What is the venous drainage of the penis?
Dorsal Vein
Prostatic Venous Plexus
117
What is the innervation of the penis?
Pudendal Nerve
118
What is the role of the mesometrium ligament?
Covers Uterus
119
What is the role of the Mesosalpinx?
Surrounds uterine tube
120
What is the role of the Mesovarium?
Covers Ovaries / Individual Ovary
121
What is the blood supply of the female pelvis?
Internal Iliac Artery
Vaginal Artery
Uterine Artery
Internal Pudendal Artery
122
What is the innervation of the female reproductive system?
Superior hypogastric plexus
Pudendal Nerve
Inferior hypogastric plexus
Ovarian Plexus
123
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Fluid Homeostasis
Produce lymphocytes
124
What are the 3 main components of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic Vessels (Channels)
Lymph Nodes (Filters)
Other masses of lymphoid tissue:
> e.g. spleen, thymus, walls of gut, appendix, bone marrow
125
What are primary lymph node examples?
Thymus, Bone Marrow
126
What are secondary lymph node examples?
Nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
GIT
MALT
127
What is the function of the glymphatic system?
Waste clearance
nutrient distribution in the brain
