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ANATOMY STUDY > ANATOMY SEM 2 2024 > Flashcards

ANATOMY SEM 2 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones

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2
Q

What are the components of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid and Temporal bones

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3
Q

What are the components of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital, temporal and parietal bones

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4
Q

What are the bones of the pterion?

A

Frontal, Sphenoid, Parietal, Temporal (Middle meningeal artery underlies pterion)

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5
Q

What are the bones of the asterion?

A

Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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6
Q

What are the 4 major dural sheets?

A

Falx Cerebri
Falx Cerebelli
Tentorium Cerebelli
Diaphragm Sellae

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7
Q

The Dura Mater is Vascular/Non-Vascular

A

Vascular

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8
Q

What is a potential space?

A

A space generated by damage

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9
Q

What is a subdural space?

A

Potential space between innermost layer of dura mater and arachnoid mater

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10
Q

The Arachnoid Mater is Vascular/Non-vascular

A

Non-Vascular

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11
Q

What are the 4 cisterns of the Arachnoid Mater?

A

Cisterna Magna –> largest
Interpeduncular cistern –> front of midbrain
Quadrigeminal cistern –> back of midbrain
Pontine cistern –> front of the pons

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12
Q

The Pia Mater is Vascular/Non-Vascular

A

Vascular

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13
Q

What connects the Pia Mater to the Arachnoid?

A

Trabecular

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14
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid Plexus - lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles

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15
Q

What arteries supply the brain?

A

Internal + External Carotid Arteries
Common Carotid Artery
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Vertebral Arteries –> Basilar Artery

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16
Q

What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

A

Internal Carotid Arteries
Cerebral Arteries - anterior, posterior, middle
Communicating Artery - anterior, posterior
Basilar Artery (Vertebral Arteries)

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17
Q

What are the 5 sinuses that allow for venous drainage of the brain?

A

Saggital Sinuses
Straight Sinus
Transverse Sinus
Confluence of Sinuses
Sigmoid Sinus

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18
Q

What is the role of the Thalamus divisions?

A

Anterior - Emotion, recent memory (Limbic)
Medial - Mood, emotions
Lateral - Specific thalamic Nuclei (Sensory and motor relay)

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19
Q

What modality does the Thalamus not receive any sensory input from?

A

Smell

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20
Q

What is the major function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis and Survival

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21
Q

What input does the Hypothalamus have to the visual system?

A

Circadian Rhythm

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22
Q

What input does the Hypothalamus have to the olfactory system?

A

Pheromones - Social Behaviours

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23
Q

What input does the Hypothalamus have to the Limbic System?

A

Emotional component to autonomic response
Memory formation W/ Hippocampus

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23
Q

What input does the Hypothalamus have to the Somatosensory System?

A

Emotional response to pain
Sexual behaviour

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24
Q

What output does the Hypothalamus have with the stress response?

A

Fight or Flight

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25
Q

What output does the Hypothalamus have with cardiovascular function?

A

Innervates brainstem regions that regulate cardiovascular responses (rates etc.)

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26
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Emotion, Learning, Memory

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26
Q

What are the main components of the limbic system?

A

Cingulate Gyrus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

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26
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala?

A

Emotions and Overt Behavioural Expressions

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27
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

Consolidation of explicit memories
Formation of spatial memories

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28
Q

Sympathetic Division of CNS controls ________

A

Fight or Flight response

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29
Q

Para sympathetic Division of CNS controls ________

A

Rest and Digest

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30
Q

What are the gross anatomy compartments of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus - medial + lateral
Substantia Nigra
Subthalmic Nucleus

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31
Q

What is the symptoms and cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

SYMPTOMS: Hypokinesia, Rigidity, Resting tremor
CAUSE: Loss of dopamine - reduced UMN activation

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32
Q

What is the symptoms and cause of Huntington’s Disease?

A

SYMPTOMS: Brain function loss, Dementia
CAUSE: ACh and GABA decreased in Striatum

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33
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the Cerebellum?

A

Anterior, Posterior, Floccundocular

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34
Q

What is the role of the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Efferents to midbrain and thalamus

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35
Q

What is the role of the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Biggest, crossed fibres from pontine nuclei
Connective Pathway

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36
Q

What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Afferents from sensory cortex

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37
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum and their respective roles?

A
  1. Spinocerebellum - Posture and movements
  2. Cerebrocerebellum - planning movement
  3. Vestibulocerebellum - balance + eye control
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38
Q

What is the blood supply of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar Arteries

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39
Q

What are the components of the OPEN MEDULLA?

A

Inferior Olivary Nucleus
Medial Lemniscus
Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus
Hypoglossal Nuclei
Vestibular Nuclei
Pyramids
Solitary Nucleus

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40
Q

What are the components of the CLOSED MEDULLA?

A

Gracile Fasiculus and uncles
Gracile Cuneatus and nucleus
Spinal Trigeminal Tract
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Pyramids (Corticospinal Tract)

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41
Q

What is the blood supply of the Brainstem?

A

Basilar artery branches

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42
Q

What occurs with lesion of the dorsal horn?

A

loss of sensory input

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43
Q

What occurs with lesion of the ventral horn?

A

loss of LMN and motor output

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44
Q

What is the cause and symptoms of Polio?

A

CAUSE: Viral disease causes LMN degeneration
Symptoms: paralysis, loss of reflexes, flaccid muscles

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45
Q

What re the 3 layers of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Dura Mater
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45
Q

What is the cause and symptoms of MND?

A

CAUSE: Progressive Neurodegenerative, UMN + LMN
Symptoms: Muscle Atrophy

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46
Q

What is the blood supply of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior Spinal Artery
Posterior Spinal Artery
Segmental Artery

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47
Q

What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?

A

Longitudinal Veins
Venous Plexus - drains from longitudinal veins

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48
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior Chamber
Posterior Chamber
Vitreous Chamber

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49
Q

What is the role of the ROD photoreceptors and how many are there?

A

Light Intensity
91 Million

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50
Q

What is the role of the CONE photoreceptors and how many are there?

A

Colour and Vision + High Acuity
4.5 Million

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51
Q

Explain photoreceptor function in the dark

A

cGMP binds to Na+ channels, keeps open
> Allows Na+ influx
> Photoreceptor depolarisation
> Neurotransmitter release from terminal

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52
Q

Explain photoreceptor function in the light

A

cGMP no longer binds to Na+ channels
> Na+ channels close
> Photoreceptor Hyperpolarisation
> No neurotransmitter release

53
Q

What are the distributions of the photoreceptors in the Retina?

A

Low cones except for concentration at fovea
High rods except for fovea

54
Q

What is the Olfactory receptor Neuron

A

Chemoreceptors

55
Q

What is Anosmia

A

Loss of sense of smell

56
Q

What is the conduction speed of C-fibres?

56
Q

What is the conduction speed of A delta fibres?

57
Q

What are the 2 types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive - outer ear, middle ear
Sensorineural - Inner ear, auditory nerve

58
Q

What are possible cause of conductive hearing loss?

A

Ear wax
Ear infection
Punctured tympanic membrane
Ostosclerosis

58
Q

What are possible causes of sensorineural (Acquired) hearing loss?

A

Trauma
Age-related hearing loss
Some medical drugs/chemicals

59
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear?

A

External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

60
Q

What is the role of the tympanic membrane?

A

Transduces pressure waves into mechanical vibration
Border between external and middle ear

61
Q

What are the 3 ossicles of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

62
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

Membranous labyrinth contains the sensory organs of balance and hearing

63
Q

Where is the Organ of Corti located and what does it contain?

A

Sits on top of the Basilar Membrane
Contains 3 rows of outer hair cells, 1 row of inner hair cells

64
Q

What are the 5 components of the nose surface anatomy?

A

Root - between eyes
Naris - openings of airway
Apex - tip of the nose
Nasal septum - divides the 2 naris’
Ala - Sides of nostrils

65
Q

What are the 4 bones of the nose structure?

A

Nasal Bone
Frontal process of maxilla
Orbital plate of ethmoid
Lacrimal bone

66
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoid
Maxillary - largest

67
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oral region?

A

Oral Vestibule - region between dental arches and the lips and cheeks
Oral Cavity Proper - lies within confines of teeth

68
Q

What are the EXTRINSIC MUSCLES of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossus
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

69
Q

What are the INTRINSIC MUSCLES of the tongue?

A

Longitudinal - shorten tongue and curl it up or down
Transverse - lengthen and narrow tongue
Vertical - flatten and widen tongue

70
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid

71
Q

What are the 4 supra hyoid muscles?

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

72
Q

What are the 4 infra hyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Omahyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

73
Q

What nerve innervates the pharynx?

A

Cranial Nerve X (VAGUS) and CN IX (for stylopharyngeus)

74
Q

What is the blood supply of the pharynx?

A

Ascending Pharyngeal artery
Facial Artery
Maxillary Artery
Inferior Laryngeal Artery
All branches of external carotid

75
Q

What is the function of the Larynx?

A

Phonation - voice production
Respiratory Tract
Cough Reflex

76
Q

What are the 9 Cartilages of the Larynx?

A

3 Unpaired: Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis
3 Paired: Aretynoid, corniculate, cuneiform

77
Q

What is the blood supply of the larynx?

A

Superior Laryngeal Artery
Inferior Laryngeal Artery

78
Q

What is the innervation of the larynx?

A

Vagus Nerve Branches:
- Superior Laryngeal Nerve
- Inferior Laryngeal Nerve

79
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

Intercostal Muscles:
>External
>Internal
> Innermost

80
Q

What is the blood supply of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries
Bronchial arteries

80
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thoracic wall?

A

Azygous Vein

80
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thoracic walls?

A

Aorta Branch:
> Posterior intercostal artery
Subclavian Branch:
Internal thoracic artery
Anterior Intercostal Artery

81
Q

What is the innervation of the lungs and pleura?

A

MOTOR: Solely by ANS
SENSORY: Vagus

82
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the mediastinum and what do they contain?

A

Superior - great vessels
Middle - heart
Anterior - thymus
Posterior - oesophagus, sympathetic chain, azygous system

83
Q

What is the blood supply to the muscles of the heart?

A

Left Coronary Artery
Anterior intraventricular artery
Circumflex
Right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior intraventricular artery

84
Q

What is the venous drainage of the heart muscle?

A

Great, small, middle, posterior cardiac veins:
ALL drain into CORONARY SINUS

85
Q

What is the innervation of the heart?

A

Parasympathetic: Vagus + Cardiac Plexus
Sympathetic: Post ganglionic nerves via cardiac plexus

86
Q

What are the 9 abdomen regions?

A

Right + Left Hypochondriac
Right + Left Lateral
Right + Left Inguinal
Epigastric
Umbilical
Pubic (Hypogastric)

87
Q

What is the blood supply of the GIT?

A

Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery

88
Q

What is the venous drainage of the GIT?

A

All veins from gut drain into portal vein - delivers to liver

89
Q

What is the innervation of the GIT?

A

Celiac Ganglia
Superior Mesenteric Ganglia
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia

90
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are peritoneal and retroperitoneal?

A

PERIOTNEAL: Superior
RETROPERITONEAL: Descending, Horizontal, Ascending

91
Q

What are the 2 plexuses of the Enteric Nervous System?

A

Meisseners (Submucosal) plexus - secretory aspect
Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus - motor gut function

92
Q

What are the major functions of the Liver?

A

Metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats
bile production
Detox of drugs and phagocytosis
Storage (Glycogen, vitamins, ferritin)

93
Q

What is the port hepatitis and what does it contain?

A

DOORWAY TO LIVER:
Hepatic artery
Portal Vein
Bile Passages
Nerves and lymphatics

94
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

95
Q

What is the blood supply of the liver?

A

Common Hepatic Artery

96
Q

What is the liver venous drainage?

A

Right, Left, Middle Hepatic Veins

97
Q

What is the role of Bile?

A

Emulsification of Fats

98
Q

How is bile transported to the gall bladder from the liver?

A

Cystic Duct

99
Q

What are the bile passages?

A

Right + Left Hepatic Ducts
Common Hepatic Duct
Common Bile Duct
Main Pancreatic Duct

100
Q

What is the blood supply of the gall bladder?

A

Cystic Artery (Celiac Trunk)

101
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Secrete pancreatic juice, which has many enzymes to break down foods

102
Q

What is the blood supply of the pancreas?

A

Celiac Trunk + Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery

103
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

RBC and platelet storage
Lymphocyte proliferation
Immune surveillance and response

104
Q

What is the blood supply of the spleen?

A

Splenic Artery

105
Q

What is the function of the Kidneys?

A

Remove waste from blood, process urine

106
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidneys?

A

Renal Arteries

106
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

A

Renal Veins

106
Q

What is the innervation of the kidneys?

A

Renal branches of Vagus Nerve

106
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder?

A

Internal Iliac Artery
Superior and Inferior Vesical Artery

107
Q

What is the innervation of the bladder?

A

Parasympathetic: Pelvic Splanchnic, Vesical Plexus
Sympathetic: Superior Hypogastric Plexus
Inferior Hypogastric Plexus

108
Q

What is micturition?

A

Process of emptying bladder

109
Q

What is continence?

A

Closing of the bladder

110
Q

What are the components of the false pelvis?

A

Ileum, Caecum, Appendix, Sigmoid Colon

111
Q

What are the components of the true pelvis?

A

Ureters, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

112
Q

What are the female erectile tissues?

A

Corpus Cavernous
Bulb of Vestibule
Glans Clitoris
Greater Vestibular Gland

113
Q

What are the male erectile tissues?

A

Corpus Cavernosus
Corpus Spongiosum

114
Q

What are the 6 components of the penis?

A

Corpus Cavernosum
Glans of Penis
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongious
Corpus Spongiosum
Urethra

115
Q

What is the blood supply of the penis?

A

Dorsal + Deep arteries
Pudendal Artery
Testicular Vein

116
Q

What is the venous drainage of the penis?

A

Dorsal Vein
Prostatic Venous Plexus

117
Q

What is the innervation of the penis?

A

Pudendal Nerve

118
Q

What is the role of the mesometrium ligament?

A

Covers Uterus

119
Q

What is the role of the Mesosalpinx?

A

Surrounds uterine tube

120
Q

What is the role of the Mesovarium?

A

Covers Ovaries / Individual Ovary

121
Q

What is the blood supply of the female pelvis?

A

Internal Iliac Artery
Vaginal Artery
Uterine Artery
Internal Pudendal Artery

122
Q

What is the innervation of the female reproductive system?

A

Superior hypogastric plexus
Pudendal Nerve
Inferior hypogastric plexus
Ovarian Plexus

123
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid Homeostasis
Produce lymphocytes

124
Q

What are the 3 main components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic Vessels (Channels)
Lymph Nodes (Filters)
Other masses of lymphoid tissue:
> e.g. spleen, thymus, walls of gut, appendix, bone marrow

125
Q

What are primary lymph node examples?

A

Thymus, Bone Marrow

126
Q

What are secondary lymph node examples?

A

Nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
GIT
MALT

127
Q

What is the function of the glymphatic system?

A

Waste clearance
nutrient distribution in the brain

ANATOMY STUDY (1 decks)

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