Anatomy Revision Flashcards
The coeliac trunk comes off the aorta at the level of _______ and supplies the _______
T12
foregut
The superior mesenteric artery comes off the aorta at the level of _______ and supplies the _______
L1
midgut
The inferior mesenteric artery comes off the aorta at the level of ______ and supplies the _______
L3
hindgut
What does the foregut include?
stomach, liver, gallbladder, 1/2 of pancreas, part of the duodenum
What does the midgut include?
1/2 pancreas, rest of duodenum to 2/3 of transverse colon
What does the hindgut include?
rest of the colon to part way down the anal canal
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of ____
L4
The liver has a dual blood supply from __1____
deoxygenated blood from the liver drains into ___2___
1) the left and right hepatic arteries (branches of the hepatic artery proper) and from the hepatic portal vein
2) hepatic veins which drain into the inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava arises from the confluence of the ____1____ just inferior to the _____2____ It then ascends to the posterior abdominal wall to the ___3___ of the aorta, it then passes through a ___4_____ before entering the thorax
1) common iliac veins
2) bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
3) right
4) fossa on the posterior surface of the liver
The ___1_____ vein drains the hindgut and drains into the ___2____ vein
The __3____ vein drains the foregut which drains into the ____4____
The ___5____ vein drains the midgut which drains into the _____6_____
1) inferior mesenteric
2) splenic vein
3) splenic vein
4) hepatic portal vein
5) superior mesenteric
6) hepatic portal vein
3 branches of the coeliac trunk?
splenic artery, left gastric artery and common hepatic artery
Which branch of the coeliac trunk has a very torturous course?
the splenic artery
Describe blood supply to the stomach?
Lesser curvature is supplied by the left gastric artery (direct branch of the coeliac trunk) and right gastric artery (branch from the hepatic artery proper). These two arteries anastomose.
Great curvature is supplied by the left gastro-mental artery which comes from the splenic artery and the right gastro-omental artery which comes from the gastro-duodenal artery. These two arteries anastomose.
What branches does the common hepatic artery give off?
Gives off the gastroduodenal then two terminal branches are the right gastric and the hepatic artery proper
What two arteries does the gastroduodenal artery give off?
the supraduodenal and the superior pancreaticoduodenal
Blood supply to the gallbladder is via the _____
cystic artery
Branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
inferior pancreaticoduodenal, middle colic artery, right colic artery, ileocolic branches, appendicular branches and jejunal and ileal arteries
Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
left colic artery, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery
Describe peritoneal pouches found in female and males?
Males: 1 pouch, rectovesical
Females: 2 pouches, vesicouterine and rectouterine (pouch of douglas)
Describe an overview of the blood supply to the heart?
Coronary arteries are the first branch of the aorta and they supply blood to the heart
RCA supplies SA and AV nodes, RA, most of RV, some of LV and some of the septum
LCA supplies, LA, LV, some or RV, most of septum
Describe the electrical condition route in the heart?
Originates in SA node, spreads by cell to cell conduction to atrioventricular node.
From AV node impulse passes by special pathway through bundle of His.
This has left and right ventricles, passes through purkinje fibres.
The Bundle of His and its branches and the network of Purkinje fibers allow rapid spread of action potential to the ventricles
Excitation of the ventricles spreads by cell to cell conduction again.
Which two major arteries supply blood to the brain?
internal carotid arteries and vertebral carotid arteries
Explain how to distinguish between an upper motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve (a stroke) vs a lower motor neuron lesion (bells palsy)?
To distinguish clinically between a LMN cause and UMN cause of the facial palsy, a patient with forehead sparing (i.e. no involvement to the occipitofrontalis muscle) will have a UMN origin to the palsy, due to the bilateral innervation of the forehead muscle).
The lymphatic vessels of the lungs originate from _______1_________ All lymph from the lung leaves along the root of the lung into _____2______ and these then drain into ______3______ The inferior lobes of both lungs drain into the centrally placed ___4____ which primarily drain to the right side. The other lobes of each lung drain primarily to the ____5________ From here lymph traverses a variable number of ___6____ and enters the ______7_______
1) superficial subpleural and deep lymphatic plexuses
2) bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
3) inferior or superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
4) inferior tracheobronchial nodes
5) ipsilateral superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
6) paratracheal nodes
7) brochomediastinal trunks
What is unusual about lymphatic drainage from the left lower lobe?
the lymph primarily drains to the right side whereas the rest of the lobes drain ipsilaterally
Where does lymph from the parietal pleura drain?
it drains into lymph nodes of the thoracic wall e.g. intercostal, parasternal, mediastinal and phrenic
Explain what the lines of pleural reflection are?
The relatively abrupt lines along which the parietal pleura changes direction as it passes from one wall of the pleural cavity to another, three lines of pleural reflection outline the extent of the pulmonary cavities on each side: sternal, costal and diaphragmatic
What are the two recesses found in the pleural cavity? How are they formed?
costodiaphragmatic
costomediastinal
because the lungs don’t fill the whole cavity
Which muscles contract every inspiration and relaxation causes passive expiration?
External intercostals
Diaphragm
(internal intercostals and innermosts?)
The intercostal muscles are innervated by the _______
intercostal nerves
In forced inspiration which additional muscles may be active?
sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis major and minor
In forced expiration which additional muscles may be active?
muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall rectus abdominus external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominus
The diaphragm nerve supply is _______
phrenic nerve, anterior rami of C3,4 and 5
Which structures are normally palpable in the abdomen?
Xiphoid process/costal margin, rectus abdominis, sigmoid colon, caecum, lower border of liver, lower pole of right kidney may be palpable, abdominal aorta pulse may be palpable, full/distended bladder, enlarged uterus, sacral promontory may be palpable
What is meant by referred pain?
Referred pain is pain that is felt in a different part of the body from the actual source.
Give some examples of referred pain?
Examples involving the abdomen include liver/diaphragm referred to shoulder, stomach referred to between shoulder blades, pancreas referred to mid-back, kidneys referred to thighs etc
A fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus risks injuring the __1___ which would result in ___2___ motor deficit and sensory deficit in ___3____
1) axillary nerve
2) loss of abduction of the shoulder
3) regimental/ badge patch area
A fracture of the mid-shaft of the humerus risks injuring the __1__ which would result in ___2__ motor deficit and sensory deficit in ___3___
1) radial nerve
2) a wrist drop and possibly loss of elbow extension
3) posterior forearm, posterior hand lateral side
supracondylar fractures and nerve injury ____
waiting for this to be clarified
A posterior dislocation of the hip risks injuring the __1__ which would result in ___2__ motor deficit and sensory deficit in ___3___
1) sciatic nerve
2) weak extension of hip joint, flexion of knee, loss of all movements of ankle and foot
3) loss of sensation of posterior thigh, all skin inferior to knee except the medial calf
A fibular neck fracture risks injuring the __1__ which would result in ___2__ motor deficit and sensory deficit in ___3___
1) common fibular nerve
2) foot drop
3) dorsal of foot, cleft between big and second toe
The anterior surface of the heart is formed mainly by the ____1_____, the posterior surface (base of the heart ) is formed by ____2____ and the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface is formed by ____3______
The right border is formed by the ______4_______ and the left border is formed mainly by the ___5_______
1) right ventricle
2) both atria
3) both ventricles
4) right atrium (also IVC and SVC)
5) left ventricle (also part of the left atrium).
Name the ‘space’ posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the superior vena cava. What is the clinical significance of this space?
Transverse pericardial sinus – it allows cardiac surgeons to identify/clamp the ascending aorta/pulmonary trunk during surgery.
What foramen do the two arteries that supply the brain pass through in the skull?
vertebral artery passes through the foramen magnum
internal carotid passes through the carotid canal
Name 2 functions of pleural fluid?
allows the two layers of pleura to slide over each other during respiration
provides surface tension to prevent two layers from separating
Where does lymph from the majority of the body drain into?
the left venous angle
Where does lymph from the right superior quadrant of the body drain into?
the right venous angle
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery?
the anterior tibial artery
At what vertebral level does the arch of the aorta begin?
T4/T5
