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Human Movement > Anatomy Review > Flashcards

Anatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

Kinematics

A

The study of movement

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1
Q

Palpation

A

The examination of the body surface by touch and is performed to assess body and soft tissue contours, soft tissue consistency, and skin temperature and texture

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2
Q

Osteokinematics

A

The study of movement of the bone in space

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3
Q

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

A

The patient contracts muscle to voluntarily move the body part through ROM WITHOUT assistance

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4
Q

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

A

The therapist or another external force moves the body part through ROM

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5
Q

Syndesmosis Joint

A

A joint in which the opposing bone surfaces are relatively far apart and joined together by ligaments. Movement is possible around ONE axis. (ex. Radioulnar syndesmosis)

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6
Q

Physiological/Functional joint

A

A joint consists of 2 surfaces, muscle, and bone or muscle, bursa, and bone moving one with respect to the other

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7
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of a part so the anterior surfaces come closer together. Decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus.

Sagittal plane, Frontal Axis

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8
Q

Extension

A

The straightening of a part and movement is in the opposite direction to flexion movements. Increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus

Sagittal plane, Frontal Axis

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9
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body or body part

Frontal Plane, Sagittal axis

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9
Q

Hyperextension

A

Movement that goes beyond the normal anatomical joint position of extension

Sagittal plane, Frontal Axis

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10
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body or body part. The midline of the hand passes through the 3rd digit and the midline of the foot passes through the 2nd digit

Frontal Plane, Sagittal axis

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11
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Frontal (Coronal) - divides the body in anterior or posterior sections. Axis of rotation is Sagittal.

Sagittal - Divides the body into right and left sections

Transverse (Horizontal) - divides the body into upper and lower sections

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12
Q

External (lateral, outward) rotation

A

Turning of the anterior surface of a part away from the midline of the body

Transverse plane - vertical (longitudinal) axis

Note: External rotation of the forearm is called supination (palm up)

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13
Q

Interior (medial, inward) rotation

A

Turning of the body anterior surface of a part toward the midline of the body

Transverse plane - vertical (longitudinal) axis

Note: Internal rotation of the forearm is called pronation (palm down)

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14
Q

Circumduction

A

A combination of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

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15
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The study of movement occurring within the joints, between the articular surfaces of the bones. Can be indirectly observed when assessing AROM and PROM by knowing the shape of the articular surfaces and observing the direction of movement of the bone

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16
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline (ex. the nose is medial to the ears)

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17
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline (ex. The eye is lateral to the nose)

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18
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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19
Q

Posterior

A

Back

20
Q

Superior

A

Higher (ex. nose is superior to the mouth)

21
Q

Inferior

A

Lower (ex Umbilicus is inferior to the sternum)

22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to its origin

23
Q

Distal

A

Away from the origin

24
Q

Elevation

A

Movement in a superior direction (ex. shoulder shrug)

25
Q

Depression

A

Movement in an inferior direction

26
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of thumb and little finger together

27
Q

Reposition

A

Moves thumb and little finger AWAY from each other

28
Q

Classification of Joints: Fibrious

A

Bones connected by fibrious tissue. Joints that require strength and stability over ROM

Cranial bones, teeth, distal tibiofibular

29
Q

Classification of Joints: Cartilaginous

A

Bones connected by cartilage or hyaline cartilage

Symphysis Pubis, Vertebrae

30
Q

Classification of Joints: Synovial

A

Articulating surfaces enclosed within fluid-filled joint capsule. The most common type of joint in the body. Subclassified into:
1. Hinge - movement in one plane (flexion/extension) like the elbow joint, ankle joint, knee joint

  1. Saddle - has opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape (ex. Carpometacarpal Joints)
  2. Plane - the articular surfaces are relatively flat, allowing bones to glide over one another (ex. acromioclavicular joint, subtalar joint)
  3. Pivot - Allows for rotation only. It is formed by a central bony point, which is surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring (ex. proxmial and distal radioulnar joints)
  4. Condyloid (Ellipsoid) - contains convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity (ex. Wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal joint)
  5. Ball and Socket - when the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. Permits free movement in numerous axis. (ex. hip joint and shoulder joint) Glenohumeral Joint, femoroacetabular joint
31
Q

Synarthrosis Joints

A

Immovable

32
Q

Amphiarthrosis joints

A

Slightly moveable

33
Q

Diarthorsis Joints

A

Freely moveable

34
Q

Unilateral

A

Involves one side of the body

35
Q

Bilateral

A

Involves both sides of the body

36
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

37
Q

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides of the body

38
Q

Uniaxial Joint

A

Allows for a motion in a SINGLE plane around a single axis (ex. wrist)

39
Q

Biaxial Joint

A

Allows for motions within TWO planes (ex. Metacarpophalangeal joint)

40
Q

Triaxial Joint (Multiaxial)

A

Allows for several directions of movement along 3 axes (ex. hip and shoulder joints)

41
Q

End Feels

A

Normal: Exists when there is full PROM at the joint and the normal anatomy of the joint stops movement
- Hard (bony), soft (tissue), firm (has some give when muscle is stretched)

Abnormal: Exists when there is either a decreased or an increased passive joint ROM, or when there is a normal PROM but structures other than the normal anatomy stop joint movement
- Springy block, bony, empty (pain present)

42
Q

Prime Mover (Agonist)

A

This is a muscle or muscle group that makes the major contribution to movement at the joint

43
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle or muscle group that has an opposite action (either relaxes or contracts) to the prime mover/agonist.

44
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that contracts and works along with the agonist to produce the desired movement
1. Neutralizing/Counteracting Synergists - contract to prevent unwanted movements produced by the prime mover

  1. Conjoint Synergists - Two or more muscle that work together to produce the desired movement
  2. Stabilizing/Fixating Synergists - Muscles that prevent movement or control the movement at joints proximal to the moving joint to provide a fixed or stable base from which the distal movement segment can effectively work
45
Q

ROM: Shoulder

A

Shoulder Elevation 0-180
Shoulder Flexion 0-120
Shoulder Extension 0-60
Shoulder horizontal adduction 0-135
Shoulder horizontal 0-45
Shoulder Internal rotation 0-70
Shoulder external rotation 0-90

46
Q

Origins

A

the attachment of a muscle on the more stable bone

47
Q

Insertions

A

the attachment of a muscle on the more moveable bone

48
Q

Tendon

A

Connects muscle to the bone

49
Q

Ligament

A

Connects two bones and stabilize organs

50
Q

Fasciae

A

Connects muscle to another muscle

Human Movement (2 decks)

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