Anatomy Review

Question 1

The Skeleton

Answer 1

Axial and Appendicular

Question 2

Axial Skeleton - forms the central upright axis of the body to which the limbs are attached

Answer 2

Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs

Question 3

Appendicular skeleton - consists of the bones that make up the limbs - has two subdivisions

Answer 3

Paired Upper extremity
Paired Lower extremity

Question 4

Upper Extremities of the Appendicular Skeleton (2 of each)

Answer 4

SHOULDER GIRDLE
Clavicle (collarbone) - 1
Scapula (shoulderblade) - 1

ARM / HAND
Humerus (upper arm bone) - 1
Radius and Ulna (forearm bones) - 1
Carpals - 8
metacarpals - 5
phalanges (bones of the hand) - 14

Question 5

Lower Extremities of the Appendicular Skeleton (2 of each)

Answer 5

PELVIC GIRDLE
Os coax (hip bone) - 1

LEG/FOOT
Femur (thigh bone) - 1
Tibia (shinbone) - 1
Fibula (smaller bone in lower leg) - 1
Tarsals - 7
Metatarsals - 5
Phalanges (bones of the foot) - 14

Question 6

Anatomical Position

Answer 6

Standing upright, with the arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front.

Question 7

Anatomical planes, these are imaginary planes that intersect the body. There are four major body planes

Answer 7

Sagittal - vertical plane dividing the body into left and right parts

Median/Midsaggital - vertical plane dividing the centre of the body in to equal left and right parts

Coronal/Frontal - vertical plane dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Transverse - Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

Question 8

Prone Position

Answer 8

Lying on your belly, face toward the mat

Question 9

Supine Position

Answer 9

Lying on your back, facing the ceiling

Question 10

Directional Terms

Answer 10

Anterior - in front of / front side
Posterior - in back of / backside
Median - midline of the body
Superior - towards the top of the head
Inferior - towards the feet
Proximal - closer to the root of the limb or centre of the body
Distal - further from the root of the limb or centre of the body

Question 11

3 Major Types of Joints

Answer 11

Fibrous joints - adjacent bones are directly linked with fibrous tissues (sutures of the skull)

Cartilaginous joints - adjacent bones are directly linked with cartilage (intervertebral disc)

Synovial joints - have a small space between adjacent bones containing synovial fluid (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle…)

Question 12

Five types of Synovial Joints

Answer 12

Hinge - spool shaped surface fits into a concave surface allowing forward and backward movement (elbow, knee, ankle)

Pivot - joint formed between a rounded service and arch-shaped surface that allows rotation (forearm joints)

Condyloid - joint formed between an oval shaped convex surface and reciprocal cavity, allows movement in two planes (wrist joint)

Saddle - joint formed between a saddle shaped surface and a bone with opposite concave-convex surfaces, allows movement in two planes (thumb)

Ball-And-Socket - joint formed between a rounded head and concave socket, allows movement in three plans (shoulder, hip) - the most freely moveable type of joint in the body

Question 13

Basic Movements (most occur at synovial joints)

Answer 13

Flexion - bending a joint. This occurs when the angle of a joint decreases. For example, the elbow flexes when performing a biceps curl. The knee flexes in preparation for kicking a ball.

Extension - straightening movement that increases that angle of a joint - moving toward the anatomical position.

Hyperextension - moving in extension past the anatomical position.

Abduction - moving away from the midline of the body (raising arm or leg to the side = shoulder/hip abduction)

Adduction - returning to the midline of the body from position of abduction, back to anatomical position.

Cirumduction - The circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. Windmilling the arms and rotating the hand from the wrist are examples of circumduction.

External Rotation - Turning the frontal (anterior) surface of a limb outward or away from the midline of the body.

Internal Rotation - Turning the frontal (anterior) surface of a limb inward or toward the midline of the body.

Question 14

Select Specialised Movements

Answer 14

Lateral Flexion (Spine) - bending the spine directly to the side

Rotation (Spine) - Turning the front of the head or truck right or left

Inversion (foot) - lifting the inside portion of the foot upwards (tilting inwards).

Eversion (foot) - lifting the outside portion of the foot upwards (tilting outwards)

Pronation (foot) - rolling in of the foot (movement of the foot when landing during walking or running)

Supination (foot) - rolling out of the foot

Pronation (forearm) - Turning the palm backwards / facing down

Supination (forearm) - Turning the palm forwards / facing up

Question 15

Select Specialised Movements (cont)

Answer 15

Dorsiflexion (ankle-foot) - flexing the foot / top of foot towards shin

Plantar flexion (ankle-foot) - pointing the foot / bottom of foot downwards

Horizontal adduction (shoulder) - movement of arms towards the midline in horizontal plane, with arms at shoulder height

Horizontal abduction (shoulder) - movement of arms away fro the midline in horizontal plane, with arms at shoulder height

Adduction (scapular) - bringing shoulder blade towards the spine

Abduction (scapular) - bringing shoulder blade forward and away from spine

Upward rotation (scapular) - rotating outer and upper portion of shoulder blade upward

Downward rotation (scapular) - rotating outer and upper portion of shoulder blade downward

Elevation (scapular) - lifting shoulder blade up towards the ear

Depression (scapular) - lifting shoulder blade down towards the waist

Question 16

Major Muscles of Human Movement - SPINE / TRUNK

Answer 16

Sternocleidomastoid - The primary actions are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck.

Rectus abdominis (abs) - runs straight up and down in the central portion of the abdomen - primary action is spinal flexion

External obliques - Spinal Flexion, Lateral Flexion, Rotation - rotate and side bend the trunk. These muscles also contribute to spinal stability.

Internal obliques - Spinal Flexion, Lateral Flexion, Rotation - rotate and side bend the trunk.

Transverse abdominis - pulls abdominal wall inwards, main function stabilises the truck

SPINAL EXTENSORS
Deep Posterior Group - local spinal extension, lateral flexion, rotation. Attached to the back of the spine, these muscles allow us to stand and lift objects. They include the large muscles in the lower back (erector spinae), which help hold up the spine, and gluteal muscles.

Erector spinae - most powerful extensors of the vertebral column. Functions to straighten the back and provide for side-to-side rotation. Spinal extension, lateral flexion, rotation.

Quadratus lumborum - function is side flexion, which allows a person to bend to their sides - spinal lateral flexion

Question 17

Major Muscles of Human Movement - LOWER EXTREMITY / LIMB

Answer 17

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE HIP
Iliopsoas - hip flexion. A deep muscle group which anatomically connects the spine to the lower limbs.
Functions as the primary hip flexor

Rectus femoris - quadricep muscle. Function hip flexion, knee extension. Used powerfully when you kick a football or soccer ball and in cycling

Sartorius - at the hip it flexes, abducts, and rotates the thigh laterally (hip flexion, abduction, external rotation)

Hamstrings - a group of three muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hip extension, knee flexion

Gluteus maximus - a powerful extensor of the hip joint. Essential for maintaining an erect posture. Hip extension, external rotation

Deep outward rotators Hip external rotation

Gluteus medius & minimus Hip abduction, internal rotation

Tensor fasciae latae - Hip abduction, internal rotation, flexion

Hip adductors - Hip adduction
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis