Anatomy Review Flashcards
What is Scoliosis?
A lateral curvature of the spine
The vertebrae are connected by a series of ligaments that limits movement and creates a cohesive spinal column. Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the spinal cord?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
An obese 65-year-old woman with a history of osteoporosis reports acute onset low back pain that radiates down the back of the right thigh to the lower right leg. What vertebral injury would most likely cause her symptoms?
Posterolateral herniation of the L4-L5 IV disc
A 65-year-old man with a history of long-standing atherosclerotic disease slowly develops an atherosclerotic blockage of the right axillary artery below the level of the first rib but above the level of the subscapular artery. What is most likely to be true in this patient?
Direction of blood flow in the sub-scapular artery will be reversed
A breast cancer survivor patient with a history of axillary node dissection presents with symptoms consistent with scapular winging: primarily, inability to abduct the arm above the horizontal plane. She describes pain that radiates the length of her arm and numbness and tingling that extend into the hand.
What portion of the brachial plexus has been damaged?
Roots
An infant with a history of upward force on arm during delivery presents with total claw hand. The lumbricals appear to be flexing the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, as well as extending the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints. These findings result from damage to which aspect of the brachial plexus?
Lower trunk
When the arms are extended, which muscle is the prime mover?
Triceps brachii
You are caring for a patient who sustained an injury to the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle. Based on this data, the injury is closest to which structure?
Elbow
A patient presents with injury to the left upper limb. On physical exam, the patient shows inability to flex the forearm at the elbow and loss of sensation to the lateral forearm. What nerve has been damaged?
Musculocutaneous
A patient presents with characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome. Which nerve is most likely damaged?
Median nerve
If the trapezius were paralyzed, the patient is still able to raise the arm above the head, albeit with difficulty. Which muscle aids this action?
Serratus anterior muscle
Which of the following is the correct sequence of respiratory structures of the bronchial tree?
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
In human beings, the lower respiratory system divides into the right and left lungs. Which of the following is true about the number of lobes in each lung?
The right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lung has 2
A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a stab wound to his chest. Palpation of the radial pulse is rapid at 150 and the blood pressure is low at 75/30. The neck veins are also visibly engorged. The patient is suffering from cardiac tamponade. What is causing this patient’s condition?
Fluid accumulation between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium
A 32-year-old man with a history of tricuspid valve replacement with a prosthetic valve as a child has been managed without complications for years on baby aspirin. He suddenly develops a toothache and finds that he needs a root canal. His history is a significant risk factor for developing what cardiac condition?
Endocarditis
Which of the following anatomical landmarks indicates where the navel is situated?
Ventral
The lymphatic vessels from the spleen directly drain to which lymph nodes?
Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
A patient with difficulty swallowing is evaluated with a barium swallow study. The result is considered normal, although there are 3 areas of the esophagus that appear narrowed. These normal constrictions in the esophagus are formed by the compression of which structures on the esophagus?
Aortic arch, left main bronchus, diaphragm
Despite our necessary balance of homeostasis, there are parts of the body that thrive in extreme environments. Where in our body can the highly erosive hydrochloric acid be found?
Stomach
A patient presents with a small bowel obstruction. The obstruction is located in a region of the small intestines that under histological examination contains numerous Paneth Cells and Peyer’s Patches. Where is this obstruction located?
Ileum
The blood supply to the entire small intestine comes from branches of a single artery, Which artery is this?
Superior mesenteric artery
A patient comes to the emergency department due to abdominal pain. After questioning the patient, the physician orders imaging scans to be done, as they suspect the patient just has severe constipation. Upon arrival of the scans, where should the doctor look to see if their diagnosis is correct?
Sigmoid colon
A 67-year-old man presents to his physician for an annual checkup. He has no acute complaints but does admit to increased fatigue, an unintentional 20-pound weight loss over the last year, and worsening constipation. He has never had a prior colonoscopy. On physical exam, he appears pale and fatigued but not acutely ill. His abdomen is soft and non-tender. His rectal exam is heme-occult negative. He is referred for a colonoscopy where the endoscopist discovers a circumferential mass in his sigmoid colon. He undergoes resection of the sigmoid colon, Hartmann’s pouch creation, and diverting colostomy.
What vessel was divided to complete this sigmoid resection and what is its embryological origin?
Inferior mesenteric artery; hindgut
What vessel is adjacent to the head of the pancreas?
Superior mesenteric artery
The portal triad, made up of the hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct, is often clamped to control bleeding from the liver in trauma surgery. If bleeding stops with this maneuver, it indicates injury to the hepatic artery or portal vein that may be causing bleeding. If the liver continues to bleed with clamping of the portal triad, what structure is likely injured?
Hepatic vein
The liver has 4 lobes. Which lobes of the liver are directly separated by the falciform ligament?
Left lobe and right lobe
The hepatic circulation is controlled by the hepatic buffer control system. How does the hepatic buffer control system make adjustments to blood flow?
Increases blood flow in the hepatic artery in response to decreased blood flow to the portal vein
Which of the following kidney structures houses the renal pyramids?
Renal medulla
Which of the following urinary system sequences is the exact urine excretion pathway?
Renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra
A patient dislocated their hip in a car accident. Anatomically, the head of the femur slipped out of a structure, leaving them in intense pain. What is the structure?
Acetabulum
Which of the following bodily structures is possibly defective if a person is incontinent? A. Trigone B. Transversus abdominis C. Urethral sphincter muscles D. Detrusor muscle
C. Urethral sphincter muscles
What male reproductive structure is situated surrounding the urethra?
Prostate
After delivering twins, a G4P5 woman presents to the OB/GYN 2 weeks postpartum due to constipation and pressure in her vagina and pelvis. Upon digital examination, the OB/GYN feels a bulging mass deep within the vaginal cavity. These findings are concurrent with what diagnosis?
Rectocele
A 49-year-old man presents due to groin pain. At his next appointment, the physician tells him the bulging is medial to the inferior epigastric vessels. What type of hernia is he diagnosed with?
Direct
What muscle helps to flex the thigh at the hip and is located somewhere other than one of the thigh compartments?
Iliopsoas
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries are branches of the internal iliac artery. What muscle separates these two arteries as they exit the greater sciatic foramen?
Piriformis
The sacral plexus forms nerves that supply many of the muscles of the gluteal region. What nerve from this plexus branches off to supply the gluteus maximus muscle?
Inferior gluteal nerve
There are four major muscles located in the anterior compartment of the leg. Which muscle is the strongest of these muscles responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?
Tibialis anterior
Avascular necrosis of the head of the femur can be caused by specific damage to what crucial artery supplying the hip joint?
Medial circumflex femoral artery
A 17-year-old male high school soccer player quickly changed direction during a game and averted a defensive player, scoring a goal, but also injuring himself. What type of injury might he have sustained with his quick start-stop directional change movement?
Anterior cruciate ligament tear
When positioning a patient, what intervention helps prevent problems (contractures) with the ankle?
Dorsiflexion of 90°
In an exam for peripheral vascular disease, the pulses of which arteries in the foot are normally palpated?
Dorsalis pedis artery, posterior tibial artery
Which of the following bones make up the lambdoidal suture?
Parietal bones and occipital bone
Surgical removal of the parotid gland is often performed to treat salivary gland tumors, 80% of which occur in the parotid glands. The branches of which nerve should be preserved during this surgery?
Facial nerve
A 20-year-old man is seen due to difficulty hearing in the right ear that started shortly after blunt force trauma to the head. An examination reveals a normal tympanic membrane without rupture, infection, or excess fluid. After further evaluation with advanced imaging, there is a disruption of the lenticular process. Which of the ossicles has been affected, causing hearing loss?
Incus
Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of many medications, causing a sudden decrease in blood pressure upon standing. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for such sudden changes in blood pressure seen in this condition?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the likely diagnosis for a child who reports increased back pain, an uneven gait, and favoritism to the left side?
Scoliosis
The brain and the spinal cord make up the human central nervous system. Which region of the spine does the lower end of the spinal cord itself stop?
Conus medullaris
When positioning a patient, what intervention helps prevent problems (contractures) with the axilla?
Abduction
A 55-year-old male patient with a 20-year smoking history is experiencing pain, swelling, and weakness in the right arm and hand, with slight difficulty seeing out of the right eye. Computerized tomography (CT) imaging confirms the diagnosis of a Pancoast tumor. What structure is being compressed?
Sympathetic trunk
Eight bones form the cranial portion of the skull. Which of them surrounds the external acoustic meatus? A. Ethmoid B. Occipital C. Temporal D. Sphenoid
C. Temporal
Bones of the skull are connected by synarthrosis. Which of them runs between each temporal bone and parietal bone? A. Coronal B. Lambdoid C. Sagittal D. Squamosal
D. Squamosal
Eight bones form the cranial portion of the skull. Which of the bones exists singularly? A. Frontal B. Lacrimal C. Parietal D. Temporal
A. Frontal
The vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the posterior cranial fossa. What provides passage of this structure?
Internal acoustic meatus
Olfactory axons of cranial nerve I pass through the anterior cranial fossa. What provides passage of this structure?
Cribriform plate
A fissure exists between the anterior and middle cranial fossa. Which structure within this fissure is most inferior?
Abducens nerve
The greater petrosal nerve passes through the middle cranial fossa. What provides passage of this structure?
Foramen lacerum
A patient’s procerus muscle has been damaged. What action will be affected?
Flaring the nostrils
A patient has difficulty abducting the jaw. What muscle is affected?
Lateral pterygoid
A muscle innervated by cranial nerve VII originates from the maxilla and mandible and inserts into the orbicularis oris muscle. How does this muscle assist in mastication?
Prevents food pocketing into cheek
A muscle innervated by cranial nerve VII crosses the angle of the mouth to the upper lip and inserts into the skin near the median line. What is a function of this muscle?
Emphasizes vocal communication
The largest cranial nerve contains three divisions that leave the skull through separate foramina; one travels through the foramen ovale. Which nerve of this branch supplies the skin on the side of the head?
Auriculotemporal nerve
The largest cranial nerve contains three divisions that leave the skull through separate foramina; one exits through the foramen rotundum. Which nerve of this branch supplies the lacrimal gland, forehead, and cheek?
Zygomatic nerve
The largest cranial nerve contains three divisions that leave the skull through separate foramina; one exits through the superior orbital fissure. Which nerve of this branch becomes the anterior ethmoid nerve?
Nasocilliary
The largest cranial nerve arises directly from the pons. What discrete aspect of this structure is an important site for reflexes?
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
The largest cranial nerve arises directly from the pons. What discrete aspect of this structure regulates biting force?
Mesencephalic nucleus
A structure separates the external ear from the middle ear. What is the general function of this structure?
Translate sound waves into mechanical vibrations
A structure contains ossicles connected to the tympanic membrane. What is connected to the membrane of the oval window?
Stapes
A structure contains the malleus, incus, and stapes. What facilitates air pressure equalization for this structure?
Eustachian tube
A structure consists of the pinna and the external acoustic meatus. What vessel supplies this structure?
External carotid artery
A structure consists of the pinna and the external acoustic meatus. What does this structure direct sound toward?
Tympanic membrane
A fossa is composed of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bones. What is this structure bound to on its front surface?
Chiasmatic groove
A fossa is composed of the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. What does this structure contain?
Olfactory bulb
What structure is supported by the lateral boundaries of the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobes of the cerebrum
A cranial nerve with both sensory and motor components has fibers that extend into the abdomen. What activity does this nerve modulate?
Heart rate
A cranial nerve with both sensory and motor components sends the sensation of taste from the posterior portion of the tongue. What type of muscle does this nerve innervate?
Muscle of pharynx
A purely efferent cranial nerve is involved in deliberate and involuntary movements. What is a general function of this nerve?
Clearing of saliva from the mouth
A purely efferent cranial nerve affects accommodation. What can result from damage to this nerve?
Double vision
A patient diagnosed as having rotator cuff syndrome demonstrates impingement involving the supraspinatus muscle. What anatomical feature’s failure typically causes this injury?
Subacromial bursa
A tendon arises from a muscle that medially rotates the arm at the glenohumeral joint and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus. From what muscle does this tendon arise?
Subscapularis
A musculotendinous collar surrounds the anterior, superior and posterior aspects of the glenohumeral joint. Besides the tendons of the rotator cuff, what composes this structure?
Capsule
A group of muscles arises from various locations on the scapula and inserts in the proximal humerus. Which muscle of this group inserts most posteriorly?
Teres minor
The anterolateral projection of a bone arches over the glenohumeral joint and has a small oval facet on its distal end for articulation. What structure does this projection articulate with?
Clavicle
The superior border of a flat triangular bone contains a hook-like structure that projects anterolaterally. How is this structure positioned relative to the lateral part of the clavicle?
Inferior
A portion of bone oriented horizontally between the proximal humerus and the shaft is weaker than other areas. What is the name of this portion, which is a common fracture site?
Surgical neck
Landmarks on the proximal end of the humerus are the site of attachment for rotator cuff muscles. Relative to the greater of these landmarks, where is the lesser landmark?
Anterior
A bone with an S-shaped contour serves as an attachment between the trunk and the upper limb. Where does this attachment articulate medially?
Manubrium of the sternum
The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. What directly enters through the medial wall of this structure?
Intercostobrachial nerve
The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. What blood vessel supplies this structure?
Subclavian artery
The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. This structure contains the proximal portion of what other structure?
Coracobrachialis
The transition of the neck and arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. Which wall of this structure is formed by the scapula, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and the triceps brachii?
Posterior
The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. How is the apex of the inlet of this structure directed?
Lateral
An artery originating from the axillary artery passes through the quadrangular space of the teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii, and humerus. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery that this structure originates from?
3
An artery originating from the axillary artery has branches from the inferior margin of the pectoralis major muscle that contribute to the vascular supply of the breast in women. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery from which this structure originates?
2
An artery supplies the upper regions of the medial and anterior axillary walls. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery from which this structure originates?
1
The part of the axillary artery anterior to the subscapularis muscle and teres major muscle has 3 branches. How is this part oriented in relation to the pectoralis minor?
Distal
A blood vessel passes through the axilla to the inferior margin of the teres major muscle. What is formed by this continuation?
Brachial artery
An artery originating from the axillary artery passes through the quadrangular space of the teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii, and humerus. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery that this structure originates from?
3
An artery originating from the axillary artery has branches from the inferior margin of the pectoralis major muscle that contribute to the vascular supply of the breast in women. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery from which this structure originates?
2
An artery supplies the upper regions of the medial and anterior axillary walls. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery from which this structure originates?
1
The part of the axillary artery anterior to the subscapularis muscle and teres major muscle has 3 branches. How is this part oriented in relation to the pectoralis minor?
Distal
A blood vessel passes through the axilla to the inferior margin of the teres major muscle. What is formed by this continuation?
Brachial artery
A nerve innervates the skin on the lower lateral surface of the arm and the dorsal lateral surface of the hand. This nerve is the largest terminal branch of what formation?
Posterior cord of the brachial plexus
The cord of a plexus is positioned medial to the second part of the axillary artery. What nerve originates from this cord?
Ulnar nerve
The cord of a plexus is positioned posterior to the second part of the axillary artery. What nerve originates from this cord?
Thoracodorsal nerve
The cord of a plexus is positioned posterior to the second part of the axillary artery. What roots are the origin of this structure?
C5 to T1
The roots and trunks of a plexus enter the posterior triangle of the neck between the anterior scalene and middle scalene. What forms the inferior trunk of this plexus?
Union of C8 and T1 roots
A hinge joint with three separate articulations has a shared synovial cavity. One of the three articulations is involved in pronation and supination of the forearm. What structure forms an articulation with the head of the radius to enable this movement?
Radial notch of the ulna
A compartment of the arm is innervated by the radial nerve. What muscle is contained in this compartment?
Triceps brachii
An artery passes through the anterior compartment of the arm and terminates distal to the elbow joint. What vessel is medial to this artery?
Basilic vein
An artery passes through the anterior compartment of the arm and terminates distal to the elbow joint. This structure continues from what artery?
Axillary
A muscle enables extension of the forearm at the elbow joint. What is the insertion site of this muscle?
Proximal radius
A muscle innervated by the radial nerve enables extension of the forearm at the elbow joint. Where does the long head of this muscle originate?
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
A muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm is innervated by the radial nerve. What movement does this structure enable?
Extension of the elbow
A muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and enables flexion of the glenohumeral joint. Where does the long head of this muscle originate?
Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
A muscle extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the midshaft of the humerus. Which nerve innervates this muscle?
Musculocutaneous nerve
A 58-year-old man cannot actively extend his left ring finger. On exam, his ring finger is flexed at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint. What tendon is malfunctioning?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
What muscle performs a flexion action despite its location on the posterior forearm?
Brachioradialis
What muscle forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox?
Extensor pollicus longus
What is a deep muscle of the posterior forearm?
Extensor pollicus brevis
A muscle within the deep layer of the posterior forearm is wrapped around the proximal end of the radius during protonation of the hand. What is a role of this muscle?
Supinator of forearm
A muscle in the intermediate layer of the forearm splits into two parts near the proximal phalanx of each finger. What other muscle’s tendon does this structure pass around posteriorly?
Flexor digitorum profundus
A square-shaped muscle in the deep layer of the distal forearm originates from a linear ridge on the lower ulna. Where does it insert?
Flat surface of the radius
A muscle in the deep layer of the anterior forearm originates from the anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna. What is another point of origin for this muscle?
Anterior surface of the interosseous membrane
A muscle in the intermediate layer of the forearm contains two heads, one of which originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Where is the second origin of this head?
Coronoid process of the ulna
A muscle in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and passes to the lateral side of the anterior surface of the wrist. Where does it insert?
Bases of metacarpals II and III
An osteofibrous passageway leads from the wrist to the hand. What enables free movement of tendons within this structure?
Synovial sheath
The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and the median nerve are contained by an osteofibrous passageway leading from the wrist to the hand. Which structure is deep to the tendons of the largest extrinsic flexor of the forearm?
Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
An osteofibrous passageway leads from the wrist to the hand. What lies in the distal row of the osseous plane of this structure?
Trapezium
Joints in the upper limb, including the wrist and digits, display actions powered by flexor muscles. Which of them facilitates flexion and extension as main mechanisms of movement?
Interphalangeal joint
A group of muscles is associated with flexion of the wrist joint. Which muscle of this group is also responsible for abduction of the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis
The joint of the first metacarpal facilitates flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. What other bone makes up this joint?
Trapezium
A 26-year-old man is seen in the ED after cutting his wrist while opening a package with a knife. Upon examination, he cannot flex his thumb. What structure was injured?
Flexor pollicus longus
An adult demonstrates slight extension of the cervical and lumbar spine. What condition in these regions of the spine is likely?
Lordosis
A female teenager demonstrates abnormal lateral deviation of the thoracic spine. What condition is likely?
Scoliosis
Structures in the vertebral column increase in size as the column descends. Which part of these structures forms the walls of the spinal canal?
Vertebral arch
Five vertebrae compose a region of the vertebral column. What aspect of these structures is directed backward and is oval-shaped?
Pedicle
Structures protecting the spinal cord form foramina between discrete bodies, arches, and pedicles. Which of these structures is characterized by having a large cone-shaped transverse process?
L5
What grouping of vertebrae displays a heart-shaped body?
Thoracic
Which vertebrae contains an odontoid process that assists in rotational movement?
C2
A structure forms the central axis of bearing weight. Which region of this structure is subjected to forces that may cause anterior spondylolisthesis?
Lumbosacral
Cartilaginous structures between adjacent vertebrae enable motion of the spine and protection from heavy loads. Which component of these structures is composed of loose collagen fibers, water, and proteins?
Nucleus pulposus
The vertebral canal is smallest in which region of the vertebral column?
Thoracic
Bundles of fibers transmit information to and away from the spinal cord. Which of these structures provides innervation to the multifidus?
Medial branch of dorsal ramus
