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Anatomy Respiratory System > Anatomy Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

I got my upper nose and my pharynx too

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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Larynx, trachea, and bronchi on the low don’t forget the lungs they’re the star of the show

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3
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity

A

I got this cavity and what does it do? Olfaction, Respiration, Filtration, and Humidification too

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4
Q

Parts of the Nasal Cavity

A

I have the roof on my head, the nasal septum on the the side ,floor down below, and lateral too

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5
Q

Floor nasal cavity

A

floor of the nasal cavity is he hard palate (roof of the oral cavity)

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6
Q

Soft Palate

A

Posterior portion of the nasal cavity near the pharynx

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7
Q

Lateral nasal wall spaces

A

Sphenooethmiodal recess between the sphenoid and the superior concha, Superior meatus between the superior and middle concha, Middle Meatus between middle concha and inferior, Inferior meatus between inferior concha and the hard palate

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8
Q

Lateral nasal wall concha (turbinate bones)

A

Superior concha, Middle concha, Inferior concha

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9
Q

Where do the sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into?

A

The Meati

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10
Q

What are Paranasal Sinuses?

A

Epithelial lines air filled spaces in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla lines by mucous membranes (communicates with the nasal cavity)

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11
Q

Drainge of Paranasal Sinuses

A

Superior meatus receives opening from posterior ethmoid air cells

Middle meatus receives openings of frontal and maxillary sinuses

anterior and middle ethmoid air cells through semilunar hiatus

Inferior meatus receives opening of nasolacrimal duct

Sphenoid sinus opens above superior concha into sphenoethmoidal recess

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12
Q

Function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Add resonance to voice

Lighten the weight of the skull

Humidification

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13
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses

Frontal Sinus

Maxillary Sinus

Ethomid Air Cells

Opening of maxillary sinus

A
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14
Q

Function of Nasopharynx

A

Filter air

Moisten air

Warm air

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15
Q

Function of Oropharynx

A

Passage of air

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16
Q

Function of Laryngo Pharynx

A

Trap particles and move towards URT

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17
Q

Epithelial lining of Nasopharynx

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columar epithelium

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18
Q

Epithelial lining of Oropharynx

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Epithelial lining of Laryngopharynx

A

Non-keratinized stratfied squamous epithelium

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20
Q

Types of tonsils

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

Palatine tonsil

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21
Q

Pharyngeal Constrictor muscles

A

Superior, Middle, Inferior, Cricopharyngeus (UES)
Esophagus

Hyoid, Thyroid, Cricoid, Trachea

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22
Q

Larynx Cartilage

A

3 unpaired: Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

3 paired- Arytenoid, Conrinculate, and Cuneiform

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23
Q

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

A

Oblique arytenoid, Posterior cricoarytenoids

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24
Q

Structures of voice production

A

Mucous membrane of larynx forms 2 folds: 1) Vestibular fold (false vocal cords), Lined by respiratory epithelium and 2) Vocal fold (true vocal cords)

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25
Q

Rima glottidis

A

The space between the vocal cords

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26
Q

Ventricle

A

The space below the vestibular fold

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27
Q

Post cricoarytenoids

A

moves vocal cords apart- opens rima glottides

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28
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoids

A

moves the vocal folds together- closes the rima glottides

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29
Q

Cricothyrotomoy

A

Emergency airway

Median cricothyroid ligament; cut the cricothyroid membrane to insert tube into larynx and increase respiration

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30
Q

Epiglottis Function

A

Covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from going into the trachea

31
Q

Typical Branching pattern of the Tacheobronchial tree

A

Right mainstream (pirimary) bronchus: Shorter, wide, more vertical than left; gives off upper lobar bronchus and continues as intermediate bronchus

Lobar (secondary): intermediate bronchus divides

LT mainstream bronchus: divides into upper and lower lobar

Segmental (tertiary) Bronchi: ten on right, eight on LT, supply bronchopulmonary segments

32
Q

Epithelium and Support changes from bronchi to alveolar sacs

A

Epithelium: Respiratory (bronchi) –> Ciliates simple columnar –> Non ciliated simple cuboidal (terminal bronchioles)–> Simple Squamous

Support: C -shapes cartilage rings (trachea)–> Plates of cartilage–> Smooth muscle–> Reticular and elastic fibers

33
Q

Right Lung vs Left Lung

A

Right lung- 3 lobes

LT hillum; the pulmonary rter is more superior than the bronchus

LT lung has greater cardiac impression

RT Bronchus is angeld more steeply inferior

34
Q

Bronchial Tree Segmentation RT lung

A

3 lobes

10 BP segements

35
Q

Bronchial Tree Segmentation LT Lung

A

2 lobes

20 BP segments fused to 8

36
Q

Conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

37
Q

Respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli

38
Q

What does the alveolar sac lead to ?

A

Alveolar sac leads to alveoli

39
Q

Epithelium of Alveolous

A

Alveolus lined by simple squamous epithelium (pneumocytes)

Type I and II pneumocytes

Type I: blood air (gas) barrier along with capillary

Type II: produces surfactant- stem cell (cuboidal –shape)

40
Q

What are alvolus joined together by?

A

Tight Junctions

41
Q

What are Alveolar macrophages ?

A

Dust Cells

42
Q

Alveolar Pores of Kohn

A

How alveoli communicate with each other

43
Q

Inter alveolar septum

A

Elastic and reticular fibers with capillaries

  • Elastic fibers help in passive recoiling of lungs
44
Q

Blood Gas Barrier

A

Capillary endothelium, Capillary basement membrane, Epithelial basement membrane, Type I and II alveolar cell

  • The echange of respiratory gases occurs by diffusion across the respiratory membrane
45
Q

True Ribs

A

1-7 (articulate directly to sternum)

46
Q

False Ribs

A

8-10

47
Q

Floating Ribs

A

11-12

48
Q

Sternal angle

A

2nd pair of coastal cartilages and ribs- IV disc of T4/T5

49
Q

Boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)

A

Superior thoracic opening (thoracic inlet) communicates with the neck and upper extremities and is bounded by: 1) 1st body of thoracic vertebra, 2) 1st pair of ribs and their coastal cartilages, 3) jugular notch of the sternum

50
Q

Boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)

A

Inferior thoracic opening (thoracic outlet) is closed by the diaphragm and is bounded by: 1) 12th thoracic vertebra , 2) 11th and 12th pair of ribs, 3) Costal cartilages of the ribs (7th-10th), 4) Xiphisternal joint

51
Q

Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

A

Superficial: External intercostal muscles

Middle: Internal intercostal muscles

Deep: Innermost intercostal muscles, Transverse thoracic muscles

52
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

fibers of the external intercostals aremedial and downward (like hands in the front pockets)

Contract synchronously with the diaphragm during normal inhalation

increases A-P and lateral diameter

start at the midclavicular line and go all the way to the back

Covered by external intercostal membrane

53
Q

Deep Muscles (Anterior thoracic wall)

A

External intercostal muscles

Traversus thoracis muscle (accessory muscles of respiration)

Internal intercostal muscles

54
Q

Neurovascular Bundle

A

VAN (vein, artery, nerve): intercostal artery, intercostal vein, intercostal nerve; always found inferior to the rib

Costal groove (where VAN is located) is always found inferior to the rib

Place chest tube superior to the rib to avoid damaging VAN

55
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Closes inferior thoracic aperture- septum between thoracic and abdominal cavity
  • Major muscle of respiration
  • Innervated by phrenic nerve- C 3,4,5

Multinucleated fibers

REMEMBER: C3,4,5, Keeps the diaphragm alive

56
Q

2 portions of the Diaphram

A

1) Peripheral-muscular part (sternal, costal, lumbar)
2) Central-aponeutrotic- central tendon

57
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Two pulmonary cavities (RT and LT lung)

Mediastinum (between pulmonary cavities- all other structures)

58
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane which surrounds the lung (Bursa like fluid bags)

Continuous closed system

Think of pushing your fist into a balloon; Pleura creates enough space for lung to expand

Two layers: Visceral pleura (in contact with the lung) and Parietal pleura (in contact with the ribs) (cover the internal surface of the thoracic wall)

59
Q

Relationship of the lungs to the pleural cavity

A

Parietal creates enough space for lung to expand; mesothelial layers so always produces small amounts of fluid to reduce friction and allows lung to expand fully into its space

Parietal layer; on the ribs; covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall (away from organ)

Visceral layer- invests the lungs (adherent to organ)

60
Q

Layers of the thoracic wall from the skin to the parietal pleura

A

Cervical pleura, mediastinal, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura

61
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Pleural cavity is potential space between visceral and parietal pleura; normally contains only a thin film of serous fluid

62
Q

Pleural Recesses

A

a potential space where two adjacent parietal pleura are in contact (during expiration) and fill with lungs during deep inspiration

Pleural recesses are:

Costodiaphragmatic (between costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura)

Costomediastinal (between costal pleura and mediastinal pleura)

63
Q

What pleural recesses would I check for abnormal fluid accumulations?

A

Check bilaterally between the costodiaphragmatic recess to look for any abnormal fluid accumulations

64
Q

Lines of Pleural Reflection

A

Abrupt lines between parietal pleurawe

  • Sternal line
  • Costal line
  • Vertebral line
65
Q

Trachea

About 12 inches long,

Divides at T4 level

Carina:

carina is the demarcation between superior mediastinum and the posterior mediastinum

Associated with lymph nodes

A
66
Q

Innervation of parietal pleura

A
  • Intercostal nerves (costal and vervical pleura)
  • Phrenic nerves (Mediastinal and central diaphragmatic pleura)
  • Lower five or six intercostal nerves (peripheral diaphragmatic pleura)
67
Q

Innervation of Visceral Pleura

A

Autonomic innervation

Insensitive to pain and touch

68
Q

Movement during Inhalation

A
  • Scalene muscles elevate the 1st and 2nd ribs
  • Inferior par of the sternum moves anteriorly
  • External intercostal muscles elevate ribs
  • Diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
69
Q

Movement during exhalation

A
  • Transversus thoracis depresses ribs
  • Inferior part of sternum moves posteriorly
  • Internal intercostal muscles depress ribs
  • Diaphragm moves superioly as it relaxes
70
Q

Quiet Inhalation

A

External Intercostals and diaphram

  • Flattening of the diaphram
  • increaes vertical diameter
  • ribs move up and outwards (bucket handle)
  • Thoracic wall and consequently parietal pleura pulled outwards
71
Q

Forced Inhalation

A
  • Acessory Muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, Scale, pectoralis major, levatator scapulae
  • Muscles world rotate their origins (functionally)
  • Thus they no longer move limb structures, but act on thorax
72
Q

Rib movements for respiration: “Pump Handle”

A

Increases A-P Dimension

73
Q

Rib movements for respiration: “Bucket Handle”

A

Increases lateral dimension

Anatomy Respiratory System (1 decks)

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