Anatomy Quiz 2 - Sheet1 Flashcards
Fibula: 4 items
head, apex, neck, lateral malleolus
Tibia: 4 items
head, apex, neck, lateral malleolus
Located distal and medial (just above knee). The femoral artery passes through this and becomes the popliteal artery
adductor hiatus
Pelvis: 10 items! whew!
iliac crest, anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, ischial spine, greater and lesser sciatic notches, ischial tuberosity, acetabulum, sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
All nerves and arteries (veins too) exit the pelvis inferior to the piriformis muscle except what?
superior gluteal neurovascular bundle
Tarsal bones:
“Tiger Cubs Need MILC” In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral): Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, [Cuboid], Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, Metatarsals, Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Deltoid ligament (Medial ligament of the ankle)
The Deltoid (medial) ligament is made up of 4 parts:
- Anterior tibiotalar
- Tibionavcular
- Tibiocalcaneal
- Posterior tibiotalar
a diamond shaped depression posterior to the knee joint; contains 1. Popliteal artery and vein (having traversed the adductor magnus muscle) 2. Common Fibular and Tibial nerves (divisions of sciatic nerve) 3. Fat and lymph nodes
Popliteal fossa
Lateral head and medial head;
innervated by tibial nerve;
popliteal artery
Gastrocnemius muscle
originates on the lateral side of the dorsal venous network of the foot; passes behind the lateral malleolus up the back of the leg usually to empty into the popliteal vein. Venous return generally flows from superficial veins toward deep veins.
Small saphenous vein
located in popliteal fossa
Popliteal vein
accompanies the small saphenous vein and is formed by the union of branches from tibial and common fibular nerve. Can be variation
Sural nerve
division of sciatic nerve;
becomes superficial fibular and deep fibular nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
enters the posterior compartment of the leg between the heads of the gastrocnemius. It passes through a hiatus in the soleus to gain access to the deep group of muscles deep to the transverse crural intermuscular septum. The tibial nerve divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves as it enters the sole of the foot
Tibial nerve
In the popliteal fossa together with the common fibular and tibial nerves
Popliteal artery and vein
surrounds the muscular compartments of the leg.
Deep fascia of the leg (crural fascia)
attaches the gastrocnemeous muscle to the calcaneus
Calcaneal tendon
just deep to the gastrocnemeous muscle, tibial nerve, posterior tibia artery, fibular artery, popliteal artery
Soleus muscle
Lateral condyle of femur to calcaneous tendon. Absent in 5-10% of people. Analogous to palmaris longus. Used in tendon reconstructive surgery.
Tibial nerve
posterior tibia artery, fibular artery, popliteal artery
Plantaris muscle
originates at Lateral Femoral Condyle and inserts in posterior tibia proximally.
tibial nerve
popliteal artery
Popliteus muscle
separates the deep and superficial compartments of the leg
Transverse intermuscular septum
inserts on the base of the distal phalanges of lateral four digits (just like flexor digitorum longus in the forearm);
**tibial nerve **
posterior tibial artery
remember dick, tom, and harry (medial to lateral)
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
inserts into tarsal bones and base of metatarsals; runs along the interosseus membrane;
tibial nerve
fibular artery
Tibialis posterior muscle
inserts on distal phalanx of great toe.
**tibial nerve **
fibular artery
Flexor halluces longus muscle
Branch just below the popliteal fossa. Posterior looks larger on netter.
Anterior and posterior tibial artery and vein
Branches off the posterior tibial artery just after the branch of the posterior and anterior tibial artery
Fibular (peroneal) artery
extends from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus; the tendons of the deep flexor muscles (Tom, Dick and Harry) surrounded by their synovial sheaths, tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery pass deep to it behind the medial malleolus
Flexor retinaculum
Inferior gluteal nerve innervates it; inferior gluteal artery
Gluteus maximus muscle
a wedge-shaped, fat filled area on either side of the rectum. Allows distention of anal canal during defecation
Ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa
splits to enclose the belly of the muscle, tensor fasciae latae. This muscle pulls on the thickened portion of the fascia lata overlying the vastus lateralis
Iliotibial tract
a tough fascia which forms a sleeve around the muscles of the thigh
Fascia lata
this bursa looks to be just superior to the greater trochanter
Trochanteric bursa
supplies and drains gluteus maximus
a branch of the internal iliac artery in the pelvis
Inferior gluteal artery and vein
innervates only the G. maximus.
Inferior gluteal nerve
stabilize the pelvis and create the greater and lesser sciatic foreamen.
more superficial one.
Sacrotuberous ligament
superior gluteal nerve
superior gluteal artery
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
leave the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen
** emerges below piriformis**
Sciatic nerve
combination of posterior devision and anterior devision of the sacral plexus; does NOT branch off the sciatic nerve… comes directly from sacral plexus
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
superior greater trochanter to anterior surface of sacrum;
ventral rami of S1 and S2
superior and inferior gluteal arteries/pudendal artery
Piriformis muscle
IMPT: branches of lumbo-sacral plexus (nerves) and branches of internal iliac artery leave through this to enter the gluteal region.
Greater sciatic foramen
The superior gluteal nerve supplies
deep branch of superior gluteal artery
Gluteus medius muscle
superior gluteal nerve;
deep branch of superior gluteal artery
Gluteus minimus muscle
leaves greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis
Superior gluteal artery and vein
leaves greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis; to gluteus medius and minimus
Superior gluteal nerve
Pudendal Nerve and Internal Pudendal Vessels (artery and vein)
Sacrospinous ligament
this nerve leaves the greater sciatic foramen over the sacrospinous ligament
Pudendal nerve
these vessles leave the greater sciatic foramen over the sacrospinous ligament
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Pudendal nerve and vessels enter the Lesser Sciatic Foramen to enter the Perineum
Lesser sciatic foramen
this muscle lies just inferior to Piriformis
Superior gemellus muscle
this muslce lies just inferior to the superior gemellus muscle and superior to the inferior gemellus muscle
obturator internus muscle
this muscle lies just inferior to the obturator internus muscle
Inferior gemellus muscle
this muscle lies just inferior to the inferior gemellus muscle and is square in shape
Quadratus femoris muscle
long head: (more superficial) supplied by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve short head: supplied by the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve
Biceps femoris muscle
this muscle has a more superficial; has a cord-like tendinous insertion tibial portion of sciatic nerve
Semitendinosus muscle
this muscle has a broad membranous origin; deep to semitendinosus; tibial portion of sciatic nerve
Semimembranosus muscle
this nerve supplies all the muscles of the hamstrings except for the short head of biceps femoris (common fibular nerve)
Tibial nerve
this nerve supplies the short head of biceps femoris
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
branches of the deep femoral artery
Perforating arteries
“Tiger Cubs Need MILC” In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral): Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, [Cuboid], Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, Metatarsals, Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Tarsal bones:
joint between talus and calcaneus
Subtalar joint
two joints: Talocalcaneonavicular and Calcaneocuboid (synovial joints)
amputation of the foot often occurs here
Transverse tarsal joint
Deep facia of the leg. It is continuous above with the fascia lata, and is attached around the knee to the patella, the ligamentum patellæ, the tuberosity and condyles of the tibia, and the head of the fibula.
Crural fascia
3 muscles located at the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal extremity of the tibia. Semitendinosus, Sartorius, Gracilis. Pes anserinus bursitis is a common finding in patients and/or athletes who present with complaints of anterior knee pain.
Pes anserinus
Supeior: tibia to fibula above the malleoli
Inferior: Y-shaped, loops around fibularis tertius and extensor digitorum longus from the calcaneus
Extensor retinacula
Lies on lateral surface of the tibia. Anterior tibial artery. Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5). Foot dorsiflexion and inversion. Most medial and superficial dorsiflexor of anterior compartment. It is the strongest dorsiflexor but also inverts the foot because of its attachment to the medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal.
Tibialis anterior muscle
Originates from the middle part of the anterior fibula and the interosseous membrane. It inserts into the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx of the great toe.
**Anterior tibial artery **
Deep fibular nerve
extends great tow and dorsiflexes ankle.
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
This muscle originates from the lateral condyle of the tibia, the interosseous membrane and the superior ¾ of the fibula. It inserts by 4 tendons into the middle and distal phalanges of 2nd through 5th toes.
Anterior tibial artery
** Deep fibular nerve** (L5-S1).
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Originates at distal third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane. Inserts at dorsum of base of fifth metatarsal.
Anterior tibial artery
Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle
lies on the anterior interosseous membrane. easily injured. originates from the common fibular nerve.
supplies muscle of anterior compartment of leg
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Popliteal artery divides in the posterior knee into the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Intrinsic muscle of the foot. Originates from the calcaneus and its tendons attach to the long flexor tendons of four digits (EDL).
Innervation by the deep fibular nerve.
EHB attaches to the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx of the great toe with EHL.
Extensor digitorum brevis/Extensor hallucis brevis muscles
anterior/superior (top) of foot. Continuation of the anterior tibial artery.
Dorsalis pedis artery
originate at metatarsal bones
Lateral Plantar nerve (superficial/deep branch)
Dorsal interossei muscles
Fibularis longus originates from the head and superior 2/3 of the fibula and inserts into the base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform. Eversion and weak plantarflexion. Anterior tibial artery, fibular artery. Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2).
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
fibrous bands which bind down the tendons of the Peronæi longus and brevis as they run across the lateral side of the ankle.
Fibular (peroneal) retinacula
innervates the two muscles in the lateral compartment and then supplies cutaneous innervation to dorsum of foot. Cutaneous branches on the foot become the 1st, 4th – 9th dorsal digital nerves. Dorsal digital 10 is termination of the sural nerve.
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
inferor ligament of patella
connects to tibial tuberosity
Patella and Patellar ligament (tendon)
aka MCL. It is attached proximally to the medial epicondyle of femur immediately below the adductor tubercle; below to the medial condyle of the tibia and medial surface of its body.
Tibial collateral ligament
from the lateral epicondyle of the femur above, to the head of the fibula below
Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate (weaker) 1. Prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia (hyperextension) 2. Attaches to tibia anteriorly 3. Common injury in ski accidents 4. Poorer blood supply than PCL
Posterior cruciate 1. Stronger of the two 2. Attaches to the tibia posteriorly 3. Tightens during flexion of the knee joint, preventing anterior displacement of femur or posterior displacement of tibia
Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligaments
MM: C-shaped and firmly adherent to the deep surface of the tibial collateral ligament LM: Circular, and separated from the fibular collateral ligament by the tendon of the popliteus muscle
Medial meniscus and Lateral meniscus
a cylindrical piece of fat that is situated under and behind the patella bone within the knee
Infrapatellar fat pad
The Deltoid (medial) ligament is made up of 4 parts:
- Anterior tibiotalar
- Tibionavcular
- Tibiocalcaneal
- Posterior tibiotalar
Deltoid ligament (Medial ligament of the ankle)
The lateral collateral ligament is made up of 3 distinct ligaments:
- Anterior Talofibular –most ocmmonly injured in an ankle sprain
- Calcaneofibular
- Posterior Talofibular
Lateral collateral ligament
