Anatomy - Protection of the CNS Flashcards
What are the three meningeal layers?
Dura
arachnoid
pia
what is the neurovascular innervation of the Dura Mater?
middle meningeal artery and vein
innervation from trigeminal, vagus and spinal nerves (C1,2 and 3)
what foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through? in which cranial fossa?
foramen spinosum, in the middle cranial fossa
Name the different dural infoldings which separate sections of the brain.
- Falx cerebri - located in the longitudinal fissue
- falx cerebelli - between cerebellar hemispheres
- tentorium cerebelli - between occipital lobe and cerebellum
at what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1
what is the name of the plane which indicates L4? what procedure is performed at this level?
supracristal plane (highest point of the iliac crests) lumbar puncture
name the types of spina bifida
- Spina bifida occulta - failure of the vertebral arch fusion alone, a dimple of tuft of hair may overlie the abnormality
- meningocele - failure of vertebral fusion with herniation of the meninges. may be corrected with surgery with minimal consequences
- myelomeningocele - failure of vertebral arch fusion, herniation of the meninges and elements of the spinal cord may result it paralysis of limbs and incontinence
what is the name of the group of cells responsible for the production of CSF?
choroid plexus - specialised ependymal cells
describe the pathway of CSF
- lateral ventricles
- interventricular foramen
- third ventricle
- cerebral aqueduct
- fourth ventricle
- medial and lateral apertures
- subarachnoid space
where would you find the dural venous sinuses?
between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
what vessel do the dural venous sinuses drain into?
internal jugular vein
talk through the main dural venous sinuses
superior and inferior sagittal cavernous straight transverse sigmoid confluence of sinuses greater and lesser petrosal intercavernous
describe the contents of the cavernous sinus
nerves - 3, 4, 2/3 or 5 and 6
internal carotid arter
OTOM CAT
what foramen does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
carotid canal
from which artery does the vertebral artery arise?
subclavian
what artery does the internal and external carotid arteries arise? and at what level to they bifurcate?
Common carotid - C4
what protects the vertebral arteries at they ascend through the neck?
foramen transversarum - holes within the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
draw the circle of willis
…
Name the bones that make up the neurocranium
frontal parietal occipital temporal sphenoid ethmoid
bones of the viscerocranium
zygomatic lacrimal nasal inferior nasal conchae palatine maxilla vomer mandible
what bones make up the bony orbit? (7)
frontal zygomatic maxilla lacrimal sphenoid ethmoid palatine
what type of joint is the temporomandibular (TMJ)?
synovial modified hinge
name the ligaments associated with the TMJ
stylomandibular ligament
sphenomandibular ligament
lateral TM ligament
look at a picture at name the cranial foramina
cribiform plate optic canal superior orbital fissue inferior orbital fissure mental foramen incisive foramen greater palatine foramen lesser palatine foramen foramen ovale foramen rotundum foramen spinosum foramen lacerum foramen magnum stylomastoid foramen jugular foramen hypoglossal canal internal and external auditory meatus carotid canal
what are the regions of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae are there in each? altogether?
7 - cervical 12 - thoracic 5 - lumbar 5 - sacral 4 - coccygeal 33 altogether
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
what forms the intervertebral foramen?
superior notch on the pedicle of one vertebra and the inferior notch on the pedicle of an adjacent vertebra
describe the curvature of the vertebral column
thoracic is concave anteriorly and the lumbar region is convex anteriorly
what is kyphosis?
exaggerated sagittal curvature in the thoracic region
what movements are possible in the vertebral column?
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation and circumduction
which vertebra possesses an odontoid process (dens)?
the axis (C2)
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
condyloid
what makes up the atlanto-occipital joint??
occipital condyles and superior facets of the lateral masses of the atlas
what type of synovial joint is the medial atlanto-axial
pivot
what type of joint are the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
plane synovial
what are the ligaments involved in the atlanto-axial joint?
cruciate ligaments (transverse and vertical)
alar ligaments
apical ligaments
membrane tectoria
name the two parts of the intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosis
nucleus pulposis
Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal?
intervertebral foramen
how many spinal arteries are there?
1 anterior
2 posterior
what are the roots of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
What cells provide support to the neurons of the CNS, remove excess transmitter and contribute to the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
what cells are involved in the immune defence of the CNS?
microglia
where might you find satelilight cells?
PNS ganglia
what type of ganglion is the dorsal root ganglion?
sensory
what type of neuron does the dorsal root ganglion contain?
unipolar
what type of neurone does a sympathetic ganglion contain?
multipolar
what is the ligamentum flavum?
ligament which extends between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
what ligaments support the joints between adjacent vertebrae?
intertransverse - between adjacent transverse processes
ligamentum flavum - lamina of adjacent vertabrae
supraspinous - between tips of adjacent spinous processes
