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Semester 3 - Mind and movement > Anatomy - Protection of the CNS > Flashcards

Anatomy - Protection of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura
arachnoid
pia

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2
Q

what is the neurovascular innervation of the Dura Mater?

A

middle meningeal artery and vein

innervation from trigeminal, vagus and spinal nerves (C1,2 and 3)

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3
Q

what foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through? in which cranial fossa?

A

foramen spinosum, in the middle cranial fossa

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4
Q

Name the different dural infoldings which separate sections of the brain.

A
  • Falx cerebri - located in the longitudinal fissue
  • falx cerebelli - between cerebellar hemispheres
  • tentorium cerebelli - between occipital lobe and cerebellum
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5
Q

at what level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1

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6
Q

what is the name of the plane which indicates L4? what procedure is performed at this level?

A 
supracristal plane (highest point of the iliac crests)
lumbar puncture
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7
Q

name the types of spina bifida

A
  • Spina bifida occulta - failure of the vertebral arch fusion alone, a dimple of tuft of hair may overlie the abnormality
  • meningocele - failure of vertebral fusion with herniation of the meninges. may be corrected with surgery with minimal consequences
  • myelomeningocele - failure of vertebral arch fusion, herniation of the meninges and elements of the spinal cord may result it paralysis of limbs and incontinence
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8
Q

what is the name of the group of cells responsible for the production of CSF?

A

choroid plexus - specialised ependymal cells

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9
Q

describe the pathway of CSF

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. fourth ventricle
  6. medial and lateral apertures
  7. subarachnoid space
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10
Q

where would you find the dural venous sinuses?

A

between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater

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11
Q

what vessel do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

internal jugular vein

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12
Q

talk through the main dural venous sinuses

A 
superior and inferior sagittal
cavernous
straight
transverse
sigmoid
confluence of sinuses
greater and lesser petrosal
intercavernous
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13
Q

describe the contents of the cavernous sinus

A

nerves - 3, 4, 2/3 or 5 and 6
internal carotid arter
OTOM CAT

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14
Q

what foramen does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

A

carotid canal

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15
Q

from which artery does the vertebral artery arise?

A

subclavian

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16
Q

what artery does the internal and external carotid arteries arise? and at what level to they bifurcate?

A

Common carotid - C4

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17
Q

what protects the vertebral arteries at they ascend through the neck?

A

foramen transversarum - holes within the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

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18
Q

draw the circle of willis

A

…

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19
Q

Name the bones that make up the neurocranium

A 
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
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20
Q

bones of the viscerocranium

A 
zygomatic
lacrimal
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
palatine
maxilla
vomer
mandible
21
Q

what bones make up the bony orbit? (7)

A 
frontal
zygomatic
maxilla
lacrimal
sphenoid
ethmoid
palatine
22
Q

what type of joint is the temporomandibular (TMJ)?

A

synovial modified hinge

23
Q

name the ligaments associated with the TMJ

A

stylomandibular ligament
sphenomandibular ligament
lateral TM ligament

24
Q

look at a picture at name the cranial foramina

A 
cribiform plate
optic canal
superior orbital fissue
inferior orbital fissure
mental foramen
incisive foramen
greater palatine foramen
lesser palatine foramen
foramen ovale
foramen rotundum
foramen spinosum
foramen lacerum
foramen magnum
stylomastoid foramen
jugular foramen
hypoglossal canal
internal and external auditory meatus
carotid canal
25
Q

what are the regions of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae are there in each? altogether?

A 
7 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral
4 - coccygeal
33 altogether
26
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

27
Q

what forms the intervertebral foramen?

A

superior notch on the pedicle of one vertebra and the inferior notch on the pedicle of an adjacent vertebra

28
Q

describe the curvature of the vertebral column

A

thoracic is concave anteriorly and the lumbar region is convex anteriorly

29
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

exaggerated sagittal curvature in the thoracic region

30
Q

what movements are possible in the vertebral column?

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation and circumduction

31
Q

which vertebra possesses an odontoid process (dens)?

A

the axis (C2)

32
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

condyloid

33
Q

what makes up the atlanto-occipital joint??

A

occipital condyles and superior facets of the lateral masses of the atlas

34
Q

what type of synovial joint is the medial atlanto-axial

A

pivot

35
Q

what type of joint are the lateral atlanto-axial joint?

A

plane synovial

36
Q

what are the ligaments involved in the atlanto-axial joint?

A

cruciate ligaments (transverse and vertical)
alar ligaments
apical ligaments
membrane tectoria

37
Q

name the two parts of the intervertebral disc

A

annulus fibrosis

nucleus pulposis

38
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal?

A

intervertebral foramen

39
Q

how many spinal arteries are there?

A

1 anterior

2 posterior

40
Q

what are the roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

41
Q

What cells provide support to the neurons of the CNS, remove excess transmitter and contribute to the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

42
Q

what cells are involved in the immune defence of the CNS?

A

microglia

43
Q

where might you find satelilight cells?

A

PNS ganglia

44
Q

what type of ganglion is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

sensory

45
Q

what type of neuron does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

unipolar

46
Q

what type of neurone does a sympathetic ganglion contain?

A

multipolar

47
Q

what is the ligamentum flavum?

A

ligament which extends between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

48
Q

what ligaments support the joints between adjacent vertebrae?

A

intertransverse - between adjacent transverse processes
ligamentum flavum - lamina of adjacent vertabrae
supraspinous - between tips of adjacent spinous processes

Semester 3 - Mind and movement (4 decks)

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