Anatomy Prep Flashcards
Regional approach to studying anatomy
Each area of the body is studied independently ( ex, lower limbs or thorax etc. )
Systemic approach to studying anatomy
Studying the systems in the body, but it does not take into account how these systems interact
(Ex. Cardiovascular system )
Clinical anatomy approach to studying anatomy
Studying the body and how it relates to medicine
What is anatomical position
Head and eyes anterior
Upper limbs at sides with palms anterior
Feet anterior and slightly apart
What is another name for midsagittal plane?
Median
What is Median / midsagittal plane
Equal left and right halves
This is the only plane that has equal left and right parts
What is another name for sagittal plane?
Parasagittal
Parasagittal / sagittal plane
Unequal left and right halves
Longitudinal plane
Long sagittal plane
( ex. Cutting your leg into unequal left and right halves )
Frontal plane is also know as?
Coronal plane
Frontal plane / coronal plane
Divides anterior / posterior sides, not equal necessarily but can be
Transverse plane is also know as?
Cross-sectional, horizontal, or axial plane
Transverse plane is?
Cuts the body into superior and posterior divisions, not necessarily equal parts but can be
Oblique plane is?
Additional plane that is not parallel to any of the other planes, can be diagonal etc.
Superficial
Nearer to surface
Intermediate
Between superficial and a deep structure
Deep
Farther from the surface
Medial
Nearer to median plane
Lateral
Farther from median plane
Posterior ( dorsal )
Nearer to back
Inferior
Nearer to feet
Anterior ( ventral )
Nearer to the front
Distal
Farther from body
Proximal
Nearer to trunk or point of origin
Palmar
Palm of hand
Dorsal
Back of the hand
Plantar
Sole of the foot
Dorsal side of the foot
Back of the foot, or superior portion of the foot
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite side of body like left foot and right arm
Supination
Turning palm up or anterior
Pronation
Turning palm down or posterior
Depression
Moving shoulders down
Retrusion
Moving chin or tongue in
Protrusion
Sticking tongue out or chin out
Dorsiflexion
Pointing great toe to the sky
Plantarflexion
Pointing great toe to the ground
Inversion
Moving sole of the foot to the midline
Eversion
Moving sole laterally
Integumentary system functions
Protection from the environment
Contains tissues and organs
Helps with heat regulation by sweating
Has sensation
And helps with the syntheses and storage of vitamin D
Axial skeleton is composed of
Head
Neck
Trunk
Appendicular system includes:
Limbs
Pectoral and pelvic girdles
Muscular system functions:
Works hand in hand with the skeletal system to move the body
What’s the 3 types of muscle
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
What are the 2 circuits in the cardiovascular system ?
Systemic and pulmonary circuits
The pulmonary circuit
Includes the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries which pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygenation
Systemic circulation
Take oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to the rest of the body for circulation
What are the 3 layers of the heart
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
What makes up tunica intima ?
This is the inner most layer of blood vessels ( arteries and veins )
It is composed of an endothelial lining or endothelium
What makes up the tunica media?
Made up of mostly smooth muscle, of which the arteries have more of since they need to push against higher BP
Tunica Adventicia is composed of mostly?
Connective tissue
What are the main differences between arteries and veins?
Arteries have a thicker smooth muscles
Veins contain valves ( usually in the upper and lower limbs )
Components of a capillary
- Basement membrane
- Endothelial layer which is where the gas exchange happens
What are arterioles
- They are located between the artery and the capillary bed
- They facilitate the change from a 3 layers vessel to a 2 layer capillary
What are venules?
In between the capillary bed and the veins
The facilitate the change between a 2 layer capillary to a 3 layer vein
3 types of arteries are:
Large elastic arteries
Medium muscular arteries
Small arteries / arterioles
What are medium muscular arteries and their function?
They are composed of mostly smooth muscle and are involved in vasodilation and constriction
Medium muscular arteries are mostly in your extremities. When you are cold vasoconstriction occurs to keep blood towards your organs to keep them warm and the opposite happens with vasodilation
Ex. Femoral artery
What are the Large elastic arteries function and an example of one?
Expand and contract veins and arteries near the heart
Ex. Aorta needed to have the ability to expand and contract in order to maintain BP and pump blood efficiently
What are Small arteries / arterioles composed of?
A narrow lumen and a thick muscular wall
They are present between the artery and the capillary bed, going from a 3 tissue layer to a 2 layer
What are some characteristics of veins?
- They are thinner do to the fact they don’t take as much BP, and function with a LOW PRESSURE
- Contain venules and venous plexus
- Some veins contain valves ( usually in limbs )
- Veins are typically paired, 2 veins for every artery , and have more a variable structure than arteries
What are the smallest veins ?
The smallest veins are venules that form venous plexuses
What is the musculovenous pump?
The muscle pump that aids in regulating BP by muscle contraction. The muscle contraction forces blood back into the heart, and moves the blood against gravity.
What are lymph?
Clear and watery substance, similar to plasma, that bathes every cell in our body, a fluid that is circulated all throughout our body
What are the only places without lymph?
CNS, Teeth, bone and bone marrow
What are lymph vessels?
they are similar to veins in terms of their 3 layer structure and the presence of valves for the one direction of the lymph. Lymphatic vessels are tube like structures that carry lymph AWAY from the tissues to deliver it back into the bloods circulation. Lymph vessels only go ONE DIRECTION
What are lymphatic plexuses?
They are a network of lymphatic capillaries that hold lymph nodes
What are lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes are made in response to an infection to attack pathogens. The more lymphocytes you have the more swelling that occurs in the lymph nodes due to an infection.
What does the right lymph node drain?
The right lymph nodes drains everything from the Right side of the head, right side of the neck, right thorax, and right upper extremity which goes to the right venous angle of the subclavian vein
What the the thoracic duct drain?
The thoracic duct drains the lymph from everything on the left side plus the right lower limb, which gets returned to the left venous angles in the left subclavian vein.
What is lymphedema?
When the lymph don’t get circulated properly and the fluid gets built up in one or more of your limbs.
What are some causes of lymphedema?
Usually is caused by poorly developed lymph nodes / channels in the body.
It can be associated with chemo therapeutics that cause blood clots in lower limbs or can be caused after a mastectomy when blood clots occur and cause lymphedema in the upper arms. This is very dangerous since new lymphocytes cannot be circulated and infection can spread
What are Glial cells
They support neurons structurally and gives nutrients to nerves as well as destroys pathogens
Schwann cells versus Glial cells
Glial cells are found in the CNS ( brain and spinal cord ) while Schwann cells are found in the PNS ( spinal nerves, and nerves in the extremities.
What is an axon?
Transmits signals from a nerve body down to the end of the nerve
What is a myelin sheath
Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
What is the collection of cell bodies called in the CNS?
Nucleus
What is the collection of nerve axons / nerve fibers called in the CNS?
A tract
What is the collection of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?
Ganglion or Ganglia
What is the bundle of nerve axons called in the PNS?
Peripheral nerves
What is an X-ray
- 2D snapshot
- dense ( radiopaque ) = white
- less dense ( radiolucent ) = black
- often requires multiple shots
What is a CT scan?
X-rays rotate around the body to get a 3D reconstruction of the body part. Images can resemble transverse sections.
What is Ultrasonography
Images are formed from pulses of reflected ultrasonic waves
Can be viewed in real time
Noninvasive and no radiation
Used when looking at a baby inside the womb
What is a MRI
Patient placed in scanner with strong magnetic field
Can be used with radio waves
Great tissue differentiation than a CT
Can reconstruct images in any plane
Can be tuned to visualize moving structures in real time
What is PET?
Requires injection of bio active isotope that emits positrons in color
Used to evaluate organ function
What are the three classifications of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial joints
You classify joints based off of what?
You base the classification of the joint based on the material that binds them together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
Bones are united by collagen fibers or fibrous tissue.
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
- Sutures
- Sydndesmosis
- Gomphosis
What are some characteristics of Sutures in the cranium?
- The bones of the cranium are connected by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue
- Sutures have irregular/ interlocking edges which give added strength and prevent fracture
- Sutures are called synarthrosis because they are immovable
- Once the sutures have completely fused together and have been replaced by bone it is called synostosis
What are sutures called in terms of movement?
Synarthrosis ( immobile )
What are some characteristics of a syndesmoses?
- They have a greater distance between articulating bones and therefore have more fibrous connective tissue than sutures
- they are amphiathrosis ( limited movement ) joints
- Contain interosseous membrane which is a sheet of connective tissue and can contain ligaments ( a bundle of connective tissue )
What is a bundle of connective tissue known as?
A ligament
A sheet of connective tissue is known as?
An interosseous membrane which are found in syndesmoses joints
What are syndesmoses joints in terms of movement?
Amphiarthrosis ( limited movement )
What are some examples of syndesmoses joints?
Anterior tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membranes found in forearm and legs
What are characteristics of Gomphoses joints ( dento-alveolar syndesmoses ) ?
- They are dentoalveolar joints which are composed of the “peg-like” process fitting into a socket, like the tooth fitting into the jaw bone
- Consist of the periodontium
- Are synarthrosis
What is the periodontium?
The connective tissue that anchors the tooth in the socket making it the fibrous joint in the gomphosis
What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
In cartilaginous joints, articulating bones are connected by articular cartilage or hyaline cartilage
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
What are the characteristics of Synchondrosis?
- The connecting material = hyaline cartilage
- Synarthrosis
- The boney Epiphesis ( ends of the bone ) are attached to the diaphysis ( the shaft ) via the epiphyseal plate ( hyaline cartilage )
What is the movement of a Synchondrosis joint?
Synarthrosis, which is immovable
What are some examples of synchondrosis?
Epiphysial plates and the articulation of rib 1 with the manubrium
What are the characteristics of the symphysis joints?
- They are typically thin discs of fibrocartilage that connect bone ( most in vertebrae)
- Most are at the midline of the body
- Amphiarthrosis ( slight movement 0
How is the movement characterized in the a symphysis joint?
Amphiarthrosis, slight movement
What are some examples of Symphysis joints?
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
What are some the of the characteristics of Synovial joints?
- The most common type of joints, mostly found in you extremities
- Reinforced by ligaments
- They consist of boney ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined with a synovial membrane
What are the 6 types of Synovial joints?
- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket
What is the movement of a hinge joint?
Uniaxial, Flexion and extension only
Ex. Elbow
What are the characteristics of a saddle joint?
Biaxial, movement in 2 planes
Concave and convex bones meet
Ex. Carpometacarpal joint ( thumb)
What are the characteristics of a plane joint?
Uniaxial joint, glide and slide
Ex. Acomioclavicular joint
What are some characteristics of a pivot joint?
Uniaxial, bone rotates around a socket.
Ex: atlanto-axial joint, permits neck to turn in a “no” fashion
What are some characteristics of a condylar joint?
Look like 2 coins sliding
They are Biaxial, Flexion and extension, abduction abduction and circumduction
Metacarpophalangeal joint, ( knuckle joints )
What are some characteristics of ball and socket joints?
Permits movement in several axes
Multi axial joints
A rounded head fits into a concavity permitting movement on several axes.
What happens to the large fontanelle of an infant as they get older?
The large fontanelle is there to allow compression during birth. As the infant ages the large fontanelle becomes smaller, and the cartilage turned into bone through synostosis
What classifies a synarthrosis joint?
- Synostosis or syndesmosis joints
- Fibrous or ligamentous joints
- Non-moveable
What classifies a amphiarthrosis joint?
- Slightly moveable joint
- They are cartilaginous joints, not hyaline cartilage
- And they are the fibrocartilage or fibrous connective tissue
Syndesmoses or symphysis joints
What are the 3 main characteristics of a Diarthrosis joint and what is their function?
- They contain a synovial membrane
- They contain an articular cartilage
- They contain a capsule
Diarthrosis joints are freely moveable but can depend on the joint design on how far they can move
What is a bursa?
Extension of a joint capsule that reside in nearby structures so they can easily slide past one another.
Tendon sheaths
Cylinders of connective tissue line with synovial membrane
What are the purpose of tendon sheaths and bursa?
They work together to make sure tendons glide smoothly and don’t get hung up on boney surfaces
