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PA school flashcards > Anatomy Prep > Flashcards

Anatomy Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Regional approach to studying anatomy

A

Each area of the body is studied independently ( ex, lower limbs or thorax etc. )

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2
Q

Systemic approach to studying anatomy

A

Studying the systems in the body, but it does not take into account how these systems interact
(Ex. Cardiovascular system )

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3
Q

Clinical anatomy approach to studying anatomy

A

Studying the body and how it relates to medicine

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4
Q

What is anatomical position

A

Head and eyes anterior
Upper limbs at sides with palms anterior
Feet anterior and slightly apart

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5
Q

What is another name for midsagittal plane?

A

Median

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6
Q

What is Median / midsagittal plane

A

Equal left and right halves
This is the only plane that has equal left and right parts

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7
Q

What is another name for sagittal plane?

A

Parasagittal

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8
Q

Parasagittal / sagittal plane

A

Unequal left and right halves

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9
Q

Longitudinal plane

A

Long sagittal plane
( ex. Cutting your leg into unequal left and right halves )

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10
Q

Frontal plane is also know as?

A

Coronal plane

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11
Q

Frontal plane / coronal plane

A

Divides anterior / posterior sides, not equal necessarily but can be

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12
Q

Transverse plane is also know as?

A

Cross-sectional, horizontal, or axial plane

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13
Q

Transverse plane is?

A

Cuts the body into superior and posterior divisions, not necessarily equal parts but can be

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14
Q

Oblique plane is?

A

Additional plane that is not parallel to any of the other planes, can be diagonal etc.

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15
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to surface

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16
Q

Intermediate

A

Between superficial and a deep structure

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17
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the surface

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18
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to median plane

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19
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from median plane

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20
Q

Posterior ( dorsal )

A

Nearer to back

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21
Q

Inferior

A

Nearer to feet

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22
Q

Anterior ( ventral )

A

Nearer to the front

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23
Q

Distal

A

Farther from body

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24
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to trunk or point of origin

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25
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of hand

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26
Q

Dorsal

A

Back of the hand

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27
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

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28
Q

Dorsal side of the foot

A

Back of the foot, or superior portion of the foot

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29
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

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30
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body like left foot and right arm

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31
Q

Supination

A

Turning palm up or anterior

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32
Q

Pronation

A

Turning palm down or posterior

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33
Q

Depression

A

Moving shoulders down

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34
Q

Retrusion

A

Moving chin or tongue in

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35
Q

Protrusion

A

Sticking tongue out or chin out

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36
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Pointing great toe to the sky

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37
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Pointing great toe to the ground

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38
Q

Inversion

A

Moving sole of the foot to the midline

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39
Q

Eversion

A

Moving sole laterally

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40
Q

Integumentary system functions

A

Protection from the environment
Contains tissues and organs
Helps with heat regulation by sweating
Has sensation
And helps with the syntheses and storage of vitamin D

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41
Q

Axial skeleton is composed of

A

Head
Neck
Trunk

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42
Q

Appendicular system includes:

A

Limbs
Pectoral and pelvic girdles

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43
Q

Muscular system functions:

A

Works hand in hand with the skeletal system to move the body

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44
Q

What’s the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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45
Q

What are the 2 circuits in the cardiovascular system ?

A

Systemic and pulmonary circuits

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46
Q

The pulmonary circuit

A

Includes the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries which pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygenation

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47
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Take oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to the rest of the body for circulation

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48
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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49
Q

What makes up tunica intima ?

A

This is the inner most layer of blood vessels ( arteries and veins )
It is composed of an endothelial lining or endothelium

50
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Made up of mostly smooth muscle, of which the arteries have more of since they need to push against higher BP

51
Q

Tunica Adventicia is composed of mostly?

A

Connective tissue

52
Q

What are the main differences between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries have a thicker smooth muscles
Veins contain valves ( usually in the upper and lower limbs )

53
Q

Components of a capillary

A
  1. Basement membrane
  2. Endothelial layer which is where the gas exchange happens
54
Q

What are arterioles

A
  1. They are located between the artery and the capillary bed
  2. They facilitate the change from a 3 layers vessel to a 2 layer capillary
55
Q

What are venules?

A

In between the capillary bed and the veins
The facilitate the change between a 2 layer capillary to a 3 layer vein

56
Q

3 types of arteries are:

A

Large elastic arteries
Medium muscular arteries
Small arteries / arterioles

57
Q

What are medium muscular arteries and their function?

A

They are composed of mostly smooth muscle and are involved in vasodilation and constriction

Medium muscular arteries are mostly in your extremities. When you are cold vasoconstriction occurs to keep blood towards your organs to keep them warm and the opposite happens with vasodilation

Ex. Femoral artery

58
Q

What are the Large elastic arteries function and an example of one?

A

Expand and contract veins and arteries near the heart
Ex. Aorta needed to have the ability to expand and contract in order to maintain BP and pump blood efficiently

59
Q

What are Small arteries / arterioles composed of?

A

A narrow lumen and a thick muscular wall
They are present between the artery and the capillary bed, going from a 3 tissue layer to a 2 layer

60
Q

What are some characteristics of veins?

A
  1. They are thinner do to the fact they don’t take as much BP, and function with a LOW PRESSURE
  2. Contain venules and venous plexus
  3. Some veins contain valves ( usually in limbs )
  4. Veins are typically paired, 2 veins for every artery , and have more a variable structure than arteries
61
Q

What are the smallest veins ?

A

The smallest veins are venules that form venous plexuses

62
Q

What is the musculovenous pump?

A

The muscle pump that aids in regulating BP by muscle contraction. The muscle contraction forces blood back into the heart, and moves the blood against gravity.

63
Q

What are lymph?

A

Clear and watery substance, similar to plasma, that bathes every cell in our body, a fluid that is circulated all throughout our body

64
Q

What are the only places without lymph?

A

CNS, Teeth, bone and bone marrow

65
Q

What are lymph vessels?

A

they are similar to veins in terms of their 3 layer structure and the presence of valves for the one direction of the lymph. Lymphatic vessels are tube like structures that carry lymph AWAY from the tissues to deliver it back into the bloods circulation. Lymph vessels only go ONE DIRECTION

66
Q

What are lymphatic plexuses?

A

They are a network of lymphatic capillaries that hold lymph nodes

67
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are made in response to an infection to attack pathogens. The more lymphocytes you have the more swelling that occurs in the lymph nodes due to an infection.

68
Q

What does the right lymph node drain?

A

The right lymph nodes drains everything from the Right side of the head, right side of the neck, right thorax, and right upper extremity which goes to the right venous angle of the subclavian vein

69
Q

What the the thoracic duct drain?

A

The thoracic duct drains the lymph from everything on the left side plus the right lower limb, which gets returned to the left venous angles in the left subclavian vein.

70
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

When the lymph don’t get circulated properly and the fluid gets built up in one or more of your limbs.

71
Q

What are some causes of lymphedema?

A

Usually is caused by poorly developed lymph nodes / channels in the body.
It can be associated with chemo therapeutics that cause blood clots in lower limbs or can be caused after a mastectomy when blood clots occur and cause lymphedema in the upper arms. This is very dangerous since new lymphocytes cannot be circulated and infection can spread

72
Q

What are Glial cells

A

They support neurons structurally and gives nutrients to nerves as well as destroys pathogens

73
Q

Schwann cells versus Glial cells

A

Glial cells are found in the CNS ( brain and spinal cord ) while Schwann cells are found in the PNS ( spinal nerves, and nerves in the extremities.

74
Q

What is an axon?

A

Transmits signals from a nerve body down to the end of the nerve

75
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells

76
Q

What is the collection of cell bodies called in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

77
Q

What is the collection of nerve axons / nerve fibers called in the CNS?

A

A tract

78
Q

What is the collection of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

Ganglion or Ganglia

79
Q

What is the bundle of nerve axons called in the PNS?

A

Peripheral nerves

80
Q

What is an X-ray

A
  • 2D snapshot
  • dense ( radiopaque ) = white
  • less dense ( radiolucent ) = black
  • often requires multiple shots
81
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

X-rays rotate around the body to get a 3D reconstruction of the body part. Images can resemble transverse sections.

82
Q

What is Ultrasonography

A

Images are formed from pulses of reflected ultrasonic waves
Can be viewed in real time
Noninvasive and no radiation
Used when looking at a baby inside the womb

83
Q

What is a MRI

A

Patient placed in scanner with strong magnetic field
Can be used with radio waves
Great tissue differentiation than a CT
Can reconstruct images in any plane
Can be tuned to visualize moving structures in real time

84
Q

What is PET?

A

Requires injection of bio active isotope that emits positrons in color
Used to evaluate organ function

85
Q

What are the three classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial joints

86
Q

You classify joints based off of what?

A

You base the classification of the joint based on the material that binds them together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.

87
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

Bones are united by collagen fibers or fibrous tissue.

88
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Sydndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
89
Q

What are some characteristics of Sutures in the cranium?

A
  1. The bones of the cranium are connected by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue
  2. Sutures have irregular/ interlocking edges which give added strength and prevent fracture
  3. Sutures are called synarthrosis because they are immovable
  4. Once the sutures have completely fused together and have been replaced by bone it is called synostosis
90
Q

What are sutures called in terms of movement?

A

Synarthrosis ( immobile )

91
Q

What are some characteristics of a syndesmoses?

A
  1. They have a greater distance between articulating bones and therefore have more fibrous connective tissue than sutures
  2. they are amphiathrosis ( limited movement ) joints
  3. Contain interosseous membrane which is a sheet of connective tissue and can contain ligaments ( a bundle of connective tissue )
92
Q

What is a bundle of connective tissue known as?

A

A ligament

93
Q

A sheet of connective tissue is known as?

A

An interosseous membrane which are found in syndesmoses joints

94
Q

What are syndesmoses joints in terms of movement?

A

Amphiarthrosis ( limited movement )

95
Q

What are some examples of syndesmoses joints?

A

Anterior tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membranes found in forearm and legs

96
Q

What are characteristics of Gomphoses joints ( dento-alveolar syndesmoses ) ?

A
  1. They are dentoalveolar joints which are composed of the “peg-like” process fitting into a socket, like the tooth fitting into the jaw bone
  2. Consist of the periodontium
  3. Are synarthrosis
97
Q

What is the periodontium?

A

The connective tissue that anchors the tooth in the socket making it the fibrous joint in the gomphosis

98
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A

In cartilaginous joints, articulating bones are connected by articular cartilage or hyaline cartilage

99
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondrosis
  2. Symphysis
100
Q

What are the characteristics of Synchondrosis?

A
  1. The connecting material = hyaline cartilage
  2. Synarthrosis
  3. The boney Epiphesis ( ends of the bone ) are attached to the diaphysis ( the shaft ) via the epiphyseal plate ( hyaline cartilage )
101
Q

What is the movement of a Synchondrosis joint?

A

Synarthrosis, which is immovable

102
Q

What are some examples of synchondrosis?

A

Epiphysial plates and the articulation of rib 1 with the manubrium

103
Q

What are the characteristics of the symphysis joints?

A
  1. They are typically thin discs of fibrocartilage that connect bone ( most in vertebrae)
  2. Most are at the midline of the body
  3. Amphiarthrosis ( slight movement 0
104
Q

How is the movement characterized in the a symphysis joint?

A

Amphiarthrosis, slight movement

105
Q

What are some examples of Symphysis joints?

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

106
Q

What are some the of the characteristics of Synovial joints?

A
  1. The most common type of joints, mostly found in you extremities
  2. Reinforced by ligaments
  3. They consist of boney ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within a capsule lined with a synovial membrane
107
Q

What are the 6 types of Synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and Socket
108
Q

What is the movement of a hinge joint?

A

Uniaxial, Flexion and extension only
Ex. Elbow

109
Q

What are the characteristics of a saddle joint?

A

Biaxial, movement in 2 planes
Concave and convex bones meet
Ex. Carpometacarpal joint ( thumb)

110
Q

What are the characteristics of a plane joint?

A

Uniaxial joint, glide and slide
Ex. Acomioclavicular joint

111
Q

What are some characteristics of a pivot joint?

A

Uniaxial, bone rotates around a socket.
Ex: atlanto-axial joint, permits neck to turn in a “no” fashion

112
Q

What are some characteristics of a condylar joint?

A

Look like 2 coins sliding
They are Biaxial, Flexion and extension, abduction abduction and circumduction
Metacarpophalangeal joint, ( knuckle joints )

113
Q

What are some characteristics of ball and socket joints?

A

Permits movement in several axes
Multi axial joints
A rounded head fits into a concavity permitting movement on several axes.

114
Q

What happens to the large fontanelle of an infant as they get older?

A

The large fontanelle is there to allow compression during birth. As the infant ages the large fontanelle becomes smaller, and the cartilage turned into bone through synostosis

115
Q

What classifies a synarthrosis joint?

A
  1. Synostosis or syndesmosis joints
  2. Fibrous or ligamentous joints
  3. Non-moveable
116
Q

What classifies a amphiarthrosis joint?

A
  1. Slightly moveable joint
  2. They are cartilaginous joints, not hyaline cartilage
  3. And they are the fibrocartilage or fibrous connective tissue

Syndesmoses or symphysis joints

117
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of a Diarthrosis joint and what is their function?

A
  1. They contain a synovial membrane
  2. They contain an articular cartilage
  3. They contain a capsule

Diarthrosis joints are freely moveable but can depend on the joint design on how far they can move

118
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Extension of a joint capsule that reside in nearby structures so they can easily slide past one another.

119
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Cylinders of connective tissue line with synovial membrane

120
Q

What are the purpose of tendon sheaths and bursa?

A

They work together to make sure tendons glide smoothly and don’t get hung up on boney surfaces

PA school flashcards (1 decks)

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