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year 2 endocrine - Robbie > Anatomy Pre-Practical Lecture > Flashcards

Anatomy Pre-Practical Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

study the following image

A
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2
Q

Enlargement of the pituitary gland in disease often impinges on the crossing fibres of the optic chiasm.

Which fibres from the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

A

Nasal

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3
Q

What therefore would the resultant visual field defect be due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

bitemporal hemianopia (temporal field lost in each eye)

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary continues down from the __________ _____ and __________

A

Posterior pituitary continues down from the pituitary stalk and hypothalamus

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5
Q

what does the anterior pituitary develop from?

A

Anterior pituitary – larger, glandular (develops from the branchial arches)

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6
Q

a

A

III ventricle

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7
Q

b

A

optic chiasm

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8
Q

c

A

pars intermedia

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9
Q

d

A

anterior pituitary

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10
Q

e

A

posterior pituitary

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11
Q

f

A

mammilary bodies

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12
Q

name 1, 2 and 3

A

1 – anterior pituitary

2 – posterior pituitary

3 – pituitary stalk

Low magnification - Should work out how magnified the image is first

Can see a slight difference in the middle that is the pars intermedia

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13
Q

what is the posterior pituitary made up of and what does it secrete?

A

Posterior pituitary is made up of nerves, neurons and glial cells as it is neural tissue

Posterior pituitary secretes ADH and oxytocin

Only neural tissue in the posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what are the normal features of an endocrine gland?

A

Round nucleus

Abducent cytoplasm

Different nuclei size

Lots and lots and lots of blood vessels

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15
Q

what is this showing?

A

anterior pituitary

High magnification

No particular arrangement

Just a mix of cells

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16
Q

what cells make up the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Cells are of 3 types of cells

Acidophilic – stain pink

Basophilic – light stain and go blue

Chromophobes are pituitary cells that by light microscopy lack stainable cytoplasmic secretory granules, and represent degranulated chromophils, inactive reserve cells, and/or undifferentiated stem cells - dont like stain at all

Stain different as in histology things do different things. Structures in the cytoplasm, secretions they are going to secrete, are different

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17
Q

what is this showing

A

Posterior pituitary

Lots of white due to the myelin sheath

Not a slide only looking at the posterior pituitary

Question may show both anterior and posterior pituitary

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18
Q

Definition of a portal vein (Webster’s)

A

A vein that collects blood from one part of the body and distributes it in another through capillaries

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19
Q

a

A

Neurons that secrete releasing hormones for the anterior pituitary

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20
Q

b

A

Neurons that secrete posterior pituitary hormones

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21
Q

c

A

Superior hypophyseal a.

(a branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery)

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22
Q

d

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

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23
Q

e

A

Hypophyseal veins

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24
Q

f

A

Hypophyseal veins

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25
Q

g

A

Inferior hypophyseal a.

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26
Q

Hypothalamus tells the _________ pituitary when to secrete

A

anterior

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27
Q

The thyroid and parathyroid gland vertebral level?

A

C5 – T1 level

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28
Q

where is the Isthmus of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus at 2nd – 4th tracheal rings

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29
Q

What supplies the thyroid and what are they branches of?

A

Superior thyroid artery – 1st branch of ECA

Inferior thyroid artery – branch of subclavian

30
Q

What are the thyroid veins and where doe they drain?

A

Superior - IJV

Middle - IJV

Inferior - Brachiocephalic

31
Q

Where’s the parathyroid?

A

back of thyroid

Can’t see it with naked eye

32
Q

name 1-7

A

1 – Sternohyoid

2 – Omohyoid (anterior belly)

3 – Sternothyroid

4 – Thyrohyoid

5 – Stylohyoid

6 – Mylohyoid

7 – Digastric

33
Q

a

A

External laryngeal n (branch of Vagus)

34
Q

b

A

Recurrent laryngeal n (branch of Vagus)

35
Q

c

A

IJV

36
Q

d

A

Superior thyroid a. (branch of ECA)

37
Q

e

A

Inferior thyroid a. arises from subclavian a

38
Q

What are nerves that lie close to the thyroid arteries?

A

External laryngeal n (branch of superior laryngeal n) lies close to Superior thyroid artery

Recurrent laryngeal n lies close in the tracheo-oesophageal groove close to the Inferior thyroid artery

39
Q

what does damage to the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves result in?

A

Damage to the rec. laryngeal n – hoarseness (if U/L) and if B/L aphonia and breathing difficulties

Damage to sup. Laryngeal n – hoarseness, inability to produce high-pitched voices

40
Q

what is this showing?

A

thyroid

41
Q

Describe the features seen in thyroid histology?

A

colloid (viscous fluid in the central cavity of thyroid follicles, containing the glycoprotein thyroglobulin) stains pink

fibrous septa

Big follicles and lined by a called called follicular cells (major cell type in the thyroid gland and are responsible for the production and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine)

Hormones stored inside follicles as a big pink mass

Nothing else like this

Tall columnar cells when active but when inactive get flatter

Mass of cells between folliclae cells are C cells and they secrete calcitonin (hormone that is produced in humans by the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone)

42
Q

what 2 cells can be seen in the thyroid

A

2 types of cells in thyroid = follicular cells and C cells

43
Q

what do C cells do?

A

Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced in humans by the parafollicular cells (commonly known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone

44
Q

what do follicular cells do?

A

major cell type in the thyroid gland and are responsible for the production and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

45
Q

What is this and describe its features

A

Parathyroid

In the parathyroid gland, the parathyroid oxyphil cell is larger and lighter staining than the parathyroid chief cell. These cells can be found in clusters in the center of the section and at the periphery. Oxyphil cells appear at the onset of puberty, but have no known function

Fat deposition in the parathyroid gland

46
Q

a

A

medulla

The adrenal medulla, the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions

47
Q

b

A

cortex

Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones

48
Q

c

A

capsule

49
Q

d

A

zona glomerulosa

50
Q

e

A

zona fasciculata

51
Q

f

A

zona reticularis

52
Q

g

A

adrenal medulla

53
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

salt

54
Q

what does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

sugar

55
Q

what does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

sex

56
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

sympathetic

57
Q

what is this an image of?

A

suprarenal gland

58
Q

Hostolgoy of adrenal gland:

Adipose cytes are _____ looking cells

Medulla is the part in the ______

You can see _______ zones of the cortex

A

Adipose cytes are empty looking cells

Medulla is the part in the middle

You can see three zones of the cortex

59
Q

a

A

glomerulosa

60
Q

b

A

fasciculata

61
Q

c

A

resticularis

62
Q

what is the blood supply to the suprarenal glands?

A

Three arteries usually supply each adrenal gland:

  • The superior suprarenal artery, a branch of the inferior phrenic artery
  • The middle suprarenal artery, a direct branch of the abdominal aorta
  • The inferior suprarenal artery, a branch of the renal artery
63
Q

what is the venous drianage of the suprarenal glands?

A

Venous blood is drained from the glands by the suprarenal veins, usually one for each gland:

  • The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
  • The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein

Right side drains directly into the IVC but on the left side it doesn’t

Gonadal veins do the same thing - right side goes right in

64
Q

_ pairs of suprarenal arteries:

Superior from _____ ______

Middle directly from _____

Inferior from ____ ______

A

3 pairs of suprarenal arteries:

Superior from inferior phrenic

Middle directly from aorta

Inferior from renal arteries

65
Q

Only _ suprarenal vein on each side

R into ___

L into _ _____ _

vWhich other vein follows this pattern of drainage?

A

Only 1 suprarenal vein on each side

R into IVC

L into L renal v

Gonaldal veins - Like the suprarenal veins each side drains differently: the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein. the right gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava

66
Q

Pancreas blood supply is from branches of _______ _______

A

coeliac trunk

The main vascular supply of the pancreas is governed by the splenic artery and its subsequent branches, which stem from the celiac trunk. It also receives blood from the superior mesenteric artery, the gastroduodenal artery and also the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

67
Q

what are the main branches of the coeliac trunk?

A
68
Q

what is this image showing?

A

pancreas

69
Q

what is 1?

A

1 – Islet of Langerhans – endocrine part

70
Q

what is 2?

A

2 – exocrine part – pancreatic acini

71
Q

what is 3?

A

3 – pancreatic duct (for exocrine part)

year 2 endocrine - Robbie (28 decks)

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