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Year 2 HD > Anatomy practical 3 - Embryology > Flashcards

Anatomy practical 3 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The formation and closure of the neural tube

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2
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

These are cells which differentiate into a number of different cell types to allow the formation of the foetus

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3
Q

What are melanoyctes?

A

These are pigment producing cells - travel through the dermis into the ectoderm to colonise skin and hair follices

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4
Q

Where does the notochord lie in relation to the ectoderm?

What is the notochord called at the two ends?

A

The notochord is inferior to the ectoderm and is surrounded by the ectoderm

There is the anterior neuropore located cranially and the posterior neuropore located caudally

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5
Q

What are different caudal neural tube defects?

A

Spina bifida cystica:
Myelonmeningocele - sac containing both the CSF and the nerves and part of the spinal cord - severe
Meningocele - sac containing jus the CSF and the meninges - less severe

Spina bifida occulata:
One or more vertebrae have malformed

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6
Q

What is a cranial neural tube defect and name the different types

A

This is if the anterior neuropore does not close correctly

Encephalocoele
Anencephaly

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7
Q

What is ancencephaly?

A

Serious birth defect - baby is born without parts of the brain and skull
Also have significant abnormalities in the face and the neck

This condition is not compatible with life

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8
Q

How can anencephaly be detected and when?

A

This can be detected prenatally around 11-14 weeks gestation via ultrasound or usage of the maternal serum to measure AFP level
If the AFP levels are high - suggests that the foetus has an open neural tube defect

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9
Q

What is encephalocoele?

A

This is the herniation of the meninges and the brain tissue outside of the cranium

Much more rare

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10
Q

What vitamin can reduce the risk of a neural tube defect in pregnancy?

A

Folic acid

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11
Q

When do the first brain vesicles develop and how many?

A

The three primary brain vesicles develop during week 4

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12
Q

When to the second lot of brain vesicles develop and how many?

A

The five secondary brain vesicles develop during week 5

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13
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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14
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles and what do these develop into?

A

Telecephalon - cerebrum

Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina

Mesencephalon - midbrain

Metencephalon - pons, cerebellum

Myelencephalon - medulla oblongata, spinal cord

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15
Q

What is Hydrocephalus?

What is the cause of this?

A

This is a dilatation of the cerebral ventricles leading to increased ICP

Due to CSF drainage blockage e.g. at the arachnoid villi or too much CSF being produced

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16
Q

What is a third ventriculostomy?

A

This is where a small hole is made in the floor of the third ventricle to divert the flow of CSF in incases of raised ICP

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17
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Most common congenital physical disability - group of non-progressive neuromuscular disorders resulting from brain damage

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18
Q

What is meant by ‘nuchal cord’?

A

This is when the umbilical chord is coiled around the baby’s neck

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19
Q

What do the mesoderm and the neural crest cells differentiate into?

A

Mesoderm - differentiates into muscles and arteries

Neural crest cells differentiate into connective tissues and bone

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20
Q

What are pharyngeal arches?

A

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

Contain mesoderm and neural crest cells and each arch has an associated cranial nerve

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21
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with which pharyngeal arches?

A 
1 - CNV
2 - CNVII
3 - CNIX
4 - CNX (superior laryngeal nerve)
6 - CNX (recurrent laryngeal )
22
Q

What is microtia?

A

Congenital deformity - underdeveloped or absent pinna (external of the ear)

23
Q

Which pharyngeal arch are external ear defects associated with?

A

With the first pharyngeal arch

24
Q

Which arch forms the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

A

Arch 1

25
Q

Which arch forms the posterior third of the tongue?

A

Arches 2, 3 and 4

26
Q

What are the three swellings that form the face?

A

Frontonasal prominence

Maxillary prominence (arch 1)

Mandibular prominence (arch 1)

27
Q

What is a fontanelle?

A

This is the space between the bones of the skull of an infant or a foetus, where ossification has not yet been completed

28
Q

Which are the largest fontanelles and which ones is the most important?

A

Anterior and posterior are the largest

Anterior is the most important

29
Q

Why are the bones of the skull not completely fused at birth?

A

This is to allow movement of the bones when the head is passing through the birth canal

30
Q

From which region does the heart develop?

A

From the Heart Forming Regions (HFR) at the cephalic end of the embryo

31
Q

After how many days is fusion of the heart complete?

A

At day 21 fusion of the heart is completed and by day 22, it starts to beat

32
Q

What are the five dilatations of the heart tube?

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus
33
Q

What do the five dilatations of the heart tube become?

A

Truncus arteriorus- Aorta and pulmonary trunk
Bulbos cordis- Smooth part of both left and right ventricles
Primitive ventricles- trabeculated part of left and right ventricle
Primitive atria- trabeculated part of left and right ventricle
Sinus venosus- smooth part of right atrium, coronary sinus, oblique vein of left atrium

34
Q

What is Dextrocardia?

A

If the heart is looped to the left rather than to the right

35
Q

What is situs invertus?

A

This is when all organs are mirror imaged

36
Q

What are the endocardial cushions?

A

These are a subset of cells which develop to form the AV valve

37
Q

What is truncus arteriosus?

A

This is where the blood supply to the pulmonary and systemic circulation is via a fused trunk i.e. the aorta and pulmonary artery are joined

38
Q

OTHER ANATOMY QUESTIONS ON HEART DEVELOPMENT - GO OVER FROM DEVELOPMENT OF HEART LECTURE

A

A

39
Q

What is polyhydramnios?

A

An excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac

40
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

This is where the top part of the oesophagus does not fuse to the bottom part of the oesophagus

41
Q

How can oesophageal atresia lead to polyhydramnios?

A

There is a lack of circulation of the amniotic fluid and so it starts to build up in one cavity

42
Q

When does the foregut develop?

A

In week 4

43
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the dorsal surface of the stomach?

A

The right vagus nerve

44
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Extra-abdominal herniation without the peritoneum

45
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Extra-abdominal herniation with the peritoneum

46
Q

Where does the anal canal develop from?

A

Upper anal canal develops from the hindgut

Lower anal canal develops from the proctodeum (invagination of the surface ectoderm)

47
Q

What is rectal atresia?

A

Where the rectum and the anal canal do not form

48
Q

What are the three structures involved in the development of the kidney?

A

Pronephros - most cranial
Mesonephros - middle
Metanephros - most caudal

49
Q

What are the mesonephros and the paramesonephros and how do these differ between males and females?

A

These are two completely different systems
Males - the mesonephros (Wolffian duct –> vas deferens) persists and the paramesonephros regresses
Females - the paramesonephros persists (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix) and the mesonephros regresses

50
Q

What does the metanephros form?

A

Ureters, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts

Year 2 HD (29 decks)

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