Anatomy Practical Flashcards by Aoife Reid

the short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

circulation from the heart to the lungs-carries deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery sends venous deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Pulmonary Circulation

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routes blood through a long loop to all parts of the body before returning it to the heart

circulates between the heart and systemic system (body tissue)-aorta send oxygenated arterial blood to from heart to the rest of the body.

Systemic circulation

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Pulmonary veins and systemic arteries carry oxygen rich blood

blood that contains a high concentration of oxygen

delivering oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs
arteries cary them in systemic circulation

Oxygenated blood

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blood that has a lower concentration of oxygen than oxygenated blood.

It travels from the body’s tissues to the lungs to be reoxygenated

systemic veins and pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood

Deoxygenated blood

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collected by the cardiac veins
the blood that flows through the veins, carrying deoxygenated blood from the body’s tissues back to the heart

carry blood towards the heart and i can be oxygenated or deoxygenated

Venous blood

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oxygenated blood that flows through the arteries from the heart to the rest of the body.

carries blood away from the hear - can be oxygenated or deoxygenated

Arterial blood

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Carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to aorta
allows most blood to bypass the lungs

the 2nd shunt that send blood from the pulmonary artery(right) to the aorta(left)

Ductus arteriosus

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A flap covered hole between the left and right atria
shunts most blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs

deep inside heart –internal atria septum-moves blood to general circulation (1st shunt)

Forman ovale

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Paired vessels carry blood from the fetus to the placenta

2 of them
carries oxygen poor blood

Umbilical arteries

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Single vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

1 of them
dumps blood to aorta and is oxygen rich

Umbilical vein

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method of listening to and studying these heart sounds during heart activity

Auscultation

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Medical instrument with ear pieces connected to tubes attached to a small, disc shaped resonator that is placed against the chest

Stethoscope

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One of the heart valves does not function correctly

common condition diagnosed by auscultation

heart murmurs

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“lub” sound of heart
heard during systole and caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves-the mitral(bicuspid) valve and the tricuspid valve

1st Heart sounds (S1)

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“dub” sound
heard during the systole, this is the sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves-the aortic semilunar valve and the pulmonary semilunar valve. This is a higher pitched sound than S1 due to the resulting vibrations in the arteries and ventricles

2nd Heart Sound (S2)

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Sound occurs during diastole.
it is a lower pitched sound that is produced by vibrations of the ventricle walls as the ventricles rapidly fill with blood

3rd Heart Sound (S3)

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Sound occurs during diastole.
It is a low intensity sound heard as the atria contract to push blood down into the ventricles

4th Heart Sounds (S4)

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Where sounds from each valve can be heard most clearly

Aortic area
Tricuspid area
Pulmonary area
Mitral area

Auscultatory areas

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Pressure created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as your heart pumps blood into the blood vessles

Blood Pressure

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Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting.
this is the highest pressure, with a normal measurement being 90-120mm Hg.

IT IS AN IMPORTANT INDICATOR OF THE CONDITION OF THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION OF THE HEART

An increase in it indicates an increase in force of heart contraction during systole

Systolic Pressure

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Pressure in the arteries wjen the ventricles are relaxed. This is the lower pressure, with a normal measurement being 60-80mm Hg.

IT IS AN IMPORTANT INDICATOR OF THE CONDITION OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD VESSELS

An increase in it indicated a loss of elasticity in blood vessels

Diastolic Presssure

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The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure indicating the force of blood pushing through the vessels an average measurement for it is about 40 mm Hg.

Pulse Pressure

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The average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle. A normal one is 70-100mm Hg.
It is an important indicator of tissue perfusion and cardiovascular health.
This measurement is a combined of Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral resistance

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) equation

MAP = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
OR
MAP = Cardiac Output (ml blood/min) X Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR Units)

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Cardiac Output Equation

CO = Stroke Volume (ml blood/beat) X heart rate (beats/min)

As vessel diameter decrease, peripheral resistance ________ and as blood viscosity increase, resistance ______

Increases , Increases

Pressure is applied to the artery externally with the use of Typically called the auscultatory method of blood pressure measurement

Sphygmomanometer (pressure cuff)

Indirect method of blood pressure measurement Involves palpating the pulse as pressure is applied to an artery with a sphygmomanometer

Palpatory method

The artery that is most typically used for application of pressure is the ____

brachial artery

The ________ is used to determine systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure cannot be measured

Radial artery

The ausculatory method requires the use of a stethoscope to hear changes in sounds in the ______

brachial artery

As pressure is released, the artery collapses and reopens with each heartbeat and blood flows through the artery returns

yes

The collapsing and reopening turbulence will result in the production of a series of sounds there are 5

Korotkoff sounds

A sharp tapping or thudding sound which may increase the intensity over the next 10 mm Hg drop in pressure. This phase indicates the systolic pressure

Phase 1

The distinct abrupt muffling of the sounds. They will become soft reduced in intensity. This is sometimes considered the "first diastolic reading"

Phase 4

All sounds disappear. This absence of sound is considered the "second diastolic reading." When taking blood pressure, doctors will usually use this pressure as the recorded diastolic pressure.

Phase 5

If blood pressure is take one arm, the pulse rate should be taken on the opposite arm.

yes

The amount of force affecting resistance to blood flow through the circulatory system

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

The vasoconstriction of blood vessels cause an increase in total peripheral resistance. Vasodilation of blood vessles cause a decrease in total peripheral resistance

yes

Total Peripheral Resistance equation

TPR = Mean Arterial Pressure / Cardiac Output

Estimation of Total Peripheral Resistance

[Stystolic pressure + (2 x diastolic pressure)]/3 / pulse pressure x heart rate

A normal reflect response to a decrease in temperature is an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

yes

a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is consistently elevated above normal levels

Hypertension

Low pressure in the veins creates a problem called _____ where blood is not effectively returned to the heart at a desirable rate

Venous insufficiency

most marine mammal experience a decrease in metabolic rate while underwater such that cells require loss oxygen with time

yes

A noticeable slowing of the heart rate while submerged underwater and decrease in blood vessel diameter to non-vital parts of the body

Diving bradycardia and Peripheral vasoconstriction

Diving bradycardia and Peripheral vasoconstriction result in an overall reduction of circulation to all parts of the body except certain vital body organs/tissues, such as the brain and heart

yes

the receptor responsible for the response is found on the nose and these receptors will trigger the trigeminal nerve, which eventually results in the slowing of the heart rate

in Diving bradycardia

Measure of the cardiovascular health and endurance. It test the general capacity of the body to cope with increased physical work and the ability to recover from it

The Harvard Step Test

Index of Physical Fitness

Index = Duration of exercise (seconds) x 100 / 2 x (sum of 3 pulse counts in recovery)

Interpretation of Index of Physical Fitness

Below 50 = poor physical condition 55-65 = low average 65-79 = high average 80-90 = Good above 90: Excellent

A test used to measure the ration of a person's resting pulse rate to their pulse after exercise.

Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test

Calculate the number of steps required to obtain a 22.5 pulse ration by using the formula what do each variable stand for

S0 = S1 + (S2-S1)(2.5-r1) / r2-r1 S0 = number of steps to aquire a 2.5 pulse ratio S1 = the number of steps taken in the first test S2 = the number of steps taken in the second test r1 = the pulse ratio for S1 r2 = the pulse ratio for S2

Established norms of the Tuttle-Pulse ratio test are:

Adult male: 29 steps Adult female: 25 steps

Transport functions of blood include delivering oxygen and nutrients, to body tissue cells, disposal of waste products, and transporting hormones to various parts of the body to regulate organ function

yes

other functions of blood: internal body temperature, body defense to prevent infection, acid base balance, and blood clotting to prevent blood loss after a blood vessel wall is torn or damaged

yes

responsible for the transport of oxygen to body tissue cells and removal of carbon dioxide wast from the interstitial fluid that surrounds body cells

Erythrocytes

Defend the body from viruses, bacteria and other pathogens/microorganisms that can cause infection

Leukocytes

Help prevent blood loss by forming collections of cells at the site of damage called clots when blood vessel walls are torn

Thrombocytes

Not considered true cells because they have no nuclei and are unable to mitotically divide

Erythrocytes and thrombocytes

blood cell production, called ______, provides us with hundreds of billions of new blood cells every single day

Hematopoiesis

The erythrocytes are cells that are packed with a molecule called

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Results when a person has an abnormally high number of red blood cells

Polycythemia

Occurs when there is an abnormal decrease in erythrocyte number

Anemia

Individuals with anemia experience a shortage in oxygen delivery to the body tissue cells called

Anemic hypoxia

The Percent volume of blood that is made up of only erthrocytes is called

Hematocrit

Blood sampled and hematocrit tubes are often treated with _______, which prevents the formation of clots that would otherwise make the process difficult

Heparin

Erythrocyte production is strictly regulated in the body via a hormone produced by the kidneys called ______

Erthropoietin

Males typically have a higher hematocrit percentage due to the influence of ______ on the production of erythropoietin

Testosterone

Hematocrit percentage formula

Hct(%) = (Height of red cells (mm) / hight of red cells and plasma (mm)) x 100

Anemic hemoglobin levels and health issue related anemia levels

10 g Hb / 100 ml 7.5 g Hb / 100 ml blood

Measuring blood hemoglobin levels can be accomplished using a chemical called

Potassium Cyanide (KCN)

When hemoglobin is exposed to KCN, it produces a colored compound using a

Cyanmethemoglobin

Total Blood Hb equation

Total blood Hb (g) = (blood volume (ml blood) x (hemoglobin concentration (g Hb/ml blood)

Total O2 carrying capacity equation

Total O2 carrying capacity = (total g Hb) x (1.34 ml O2 /g Hb

Blood volume for humans

Male = 79 ml blood per kg body weight Females = 65 ml blood per kg body weight

Granulocytes class of Leukocytes

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Agranulocytes of Leukocytes

Small lymphocytes Large lymphocytes Monocytes

abnormally low number of neutrophils caused by genetic, chemotherapy, malnutrition, aplastic anemia

Neutropenia

abnormally high number of neutrophils caused by severe burn, chronic inflammation, stressful situations

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Abnormally high number of lymphocytes caused by physical/emotional stress, fighting illness/infection

Lymphocytosis

abnormally low number of lymphocytes in the blood caused by viral infection, zinc deficiency, systemic lupus

Lymphocytopenia

Abnormally high number of eosinophils caused by parasitic infection, allergies, inflammatory bowl disease, asthma, genetic

Eosinophilia

abnormally high number of monocytes caused by tuberculosis, chronic inflammation, heart attack, smoking

Monocytosis