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Bioscience II Neuro > Anatomy PPT 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy PPT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

brain is enclosed by:

A

cranium, a fixed bony cavity

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2
Q

brain is physically and functionally divided into two compartments

A

supratentorium

infratentorium

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3
Q

supratentorium contains

A

paired cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon (composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus)

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4
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

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5
Q

Cortical regions responsible for language are located in

A

the left hemisphere in almost all right-handed people and majority of left-handed people

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6
Q

Two primary regions responsible for language

A

Broca’s area

Wernicke’s area

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7
Q

Diencephalon is composed of

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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8
Q

Thalamus acts as

A

sensory and motor relay station

directs information to various cortical structures

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9
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

lies below the thalamus
has autonomic and endocrine functions
is connected to the pituitary gland
primary neurohumoral organ

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10
Q

limbic system

A

cognitive function, memory consolidation, and emotional responses

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11
Q

Infratentorium

A

brainstem and cerebellum

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12
Q

Brainstem contains nuclei for cranial nerves

A

III to XII

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13
Q

Cerebellum responsible for:

A

proprioception, posture and gait

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14
Q

Frontal lobe:

A

motor cortex

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15
Q

parietal lobe:

A

somatic sensory cortex

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16
Q

occipital lobe:

A

vision cortex

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17
Q

temporal love:

A

auditory cortex and speech centers

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18
Q

cerebral cortex:

A

cognition, sensation, and movement

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19
Q

Hippocampus:

A

memory and learning

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20
Q

Amygdala:

A

emotion, appetite, responds to pain and stressors

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21
Q

Basal ganglia:

A

fine control of movement

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22
Q

midbrain:

A

auditory and visual tracts

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23
Q

pons:

A

autonomic integration

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24
Q

medulla:

A

autonomic integration

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25
Q

reticular activating system:

A

controls consciousness, arousal. and sleep

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26
Q

Archeocerebellum:

A

maintains equilibrium

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27
Q

Paleocerebellum:

A

regulates muscle tone

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28
Q

Neocerebellym:

A

coordinates voluntary muscle movement

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29
Q

Cranial nerve I:

A

olfactory, sensory

smell

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30
Q

Cranial nerve II:

A

optic, sensory

vision

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31
Q

Cranial nerve III:

A 
oculomotor, motor
eye movement (up), pupil constriction
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32
Q

Cranial nerve IV:

A 
Trochlear, motor
eye movement (down/in)
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33
Q

Cranial nerve V:

A

trigeminal, both
somatic sensation to face, anterior 2/3 tongue
muscles of mastication

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34
Q

Cranial nerve VI:

A 
abducens, motor
eye movement (out)
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35
Q

Cranial nerve VII:

A

facial, both

facial movement, eyelid closing, taste anterior 2/3 tongue

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36
Q

Cranial nerve VIII:

A

Vestibulocochlear, sensory

hearing and balance

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37
Q

Cranial nerve IX:

A

Glossopharyngeal, both

somatic sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

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38
Q

Cranial nerve X:

A

vagus, both

swallowing

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39
Q

Cranial nerve XI:

A

spinal accessory, motor

shoulder shrug

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40
Q

Cranial nerve XII:

A

hypoglossal, motor

tongue movement

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41
Q

All nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system except:

A

CN 2

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42
Q

severe neuropathic facial pain comes from damage to:

A

CN 5

trigeminal neuralgia

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43
Q

Eye movement is controlled by

A

CN 3, 4, 6

44
Q

injury to facial nerve causes:

A

Bell’s palsy

ipsilateral facial paralysis

45
Q

Parasympathetic output carried by CN:

A

3, 7, 9, 10

46
Q

Which CN is responsible for 75% of all parasympathetic activity?

A

Vagus (10)

47
Q

Blood flow of the brain is supplied by four large arteries

A

two carotid and two vertebral arteries

48
Q

Normal blood flow through the brain of the adult person averages

A

50 ml/100 grams brain tissue/minute

49
Q

Normal blood flow through the brain of the adult person averages (in ml/min)

A

750 ml/min

50
Q

The brain constitutes only about 2 percent of the body weight but receives _____ CO

A

15% of resting CO

51
Q

Brain blood supply: anterior circulation receives blood from

A

internal carotid arteries

52
Q

Brain blood supply: posterior circulation receives blood from

A

vertebral arteries

53
Q

arterial systems communicate through arterial anastomoses that form

A

Circle of Willis

54
Q

arteries that originate from the circle of Willis:

A

paired anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

55
Q

Brain blood supply: ____ supplies the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere

A

carotid artery

56
Q

Brain blood supply: ____ supplies the structures of the posterior fossa

A

the vertebrobasilar system

57
Q

What does the circle of willis do?

A

permits collateral blood flow

if a major vessel (right or left internal carotid arteries or basilar artery) becomes occluded

58
Q

major vessels supplying the circle of Willis are

A

right and left internal carotids and the basilar artery. The basilar artery is supplied by
the right and left vertebral arteries.

59
Q

_____ measures the pressure transmitted through the circle of Willis back to the carotid artery for which endarterectomy is proposed

A

stump pressure

60
Q

A good stump pressure means:

A

that the brain will be perfused

adequately during the procedure.

61
Q

Stump pressure of _____ are as reliable as EEG monitoring

A

> 40 mmHg

62
Q

Metabolic factors contribute to cerebral blood flow regulation:

A

(1) carbon dioxide concentration
(2) hydrogen ion concentration
(3) oxygen concentration

63
Q

increase in carbon dioxide concentration _______ cerebral blood flow

A

increases

64
Q

A change in PaCO2of 1 mmHg roughly correlates to a change in CBF of

A

1-2 ml/100 g/min

65
Q

PaCO2 _____ leads to maximal vasoconstriction & tissue hypoxia

A

<20

66
Q

increase in hydrogen ion concentration (lactic acid, pyretic acid) will ____ CBF

A

increase

67
Q

oxygen deficiency almost immediately causes ______

A

vasodilation to restore blood flow & O2 transport to the brain to normal (PaO2<50mmHg)

68
Q

normal PaO2

A

50 mmHg

69
Q

CBF is auto regulated well between MAP of

A

60-140 (or 60-160)

70
Q

In people with HTN, auto regulation of CBF occurs in pressures up to:

A

160-180

71
Q

CBF varies linearly between arterial carbon dioxide partial pressures (PaCO2) of:

A

20 to 80 mmHg

72
Q

Cerebral blood flow remains constant above an arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)

A

50 mmHg

73
Q

Profound increase in CBF only at PaO2 of:

A

less than 50-60

74
Q

PaO2 of 60+ has what effect on CBF?

A

no effect

75
Q

CPP =

A

MAP - ICP

76
Q

Normal CPP:

A

100 mmHg

77
Q

CPP <50

A

EEG slowing

78
Q

CPP 25-40

A

EEG flat

79
Q

CPP <25

A

permanent brain damage

80
Q

CBF 20ml/100g/min:

A

evidence ischemia

81
Q

CBF 15ml/100g/min:

A

complete cortical suppression

82
Q

CBF <15ml/100g/min:

A

membrane failure and cell death

83
Q

Vessels that supply ischemic or atherosclerotic regions are

A

maximally dilated

84
Q

Situations that cause cerebral vasodilation can cause

A

cerebral steal

steal flow from ischemia areas

85
Q

Robinhood effect:

A

hyperventilation to constrict cerebral vessels that supply healthy tissue to redistribute to ischemic regions

86
Q

Best practice regarding steal phenomena:

A

maintain normocapnia or mild hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 30-35)

87
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by

A

the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus within the ventricular system

88
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted at rate of

A

30 ml/hr

89
Q

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres through the

A

foramen of Monro

90
Q

After CSF flows through foramen on monro, it goes into

A

the third ventricle and through the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain

91
Q

After CSF flows through the aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain, it goes into

A

the fourth ventricle

92
Q

CSF enters the subarachnoid space through

A

the medial foramen of Magendie and the paired lateral foramina of Luschka, openings posterior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum

93
Q

CSF drains into the venous blood via the

A

superior sagittal sinus

94
Q

CSF is absorbed by

A

arachnoid granulations & arachnoid villi

95
Q

CMRO2:

A

3-3.8 ml O2/100 g/min

96
Q

Direct linear relationship of CMRO2 to CPP is called

A

coupling

97
Q

As CMRO2 increases, CPP correspondingly

A

increases

98
Q

relationship between CMRO2 and CBF can be modified by

A

anesthetics/anesthetic management

99
Q

things that decrease CMRO2

A

all VAAs, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines

propofol, etomidate, hypothermia

100
Q

VAA do what to CMRO2 and CPP?

A

decrease CMRO2

increase CPP

101
Q

main energy substrate used by the brain

A

glucose

102
Q

brain glucose consumption:

A

5 mg/100g/min

103
Q

oxygen utilization by brain:
___ used for electrical activity
___ used for cellular integrity

A

60% electrical
40% cellular
(even if brain is silenced, it must consume O2 to support cellular integrity)

104
Q

CMRO2 decreases by __% for every 1*C decrease in temp

A

7%

105
Q

EEG suppression occurs at what temp?

A

18-20*C

106
Q

mild hypothermia (32-24*C) for 12-24 hours may improve outcomes in what population?

A

its with anoxic brain injury, because it reduces O2 consumption

Bioscience II Neuro (3 decks)

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