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OCR a level pe > anaTOMY & physiology yr 1 > Flashcards

anaTOMY & physiology yr 1 Flashcards

1
Q

joint types and articulating bones

A

shoulder - humerus/scapula
wrist - radius/ulna/carpals
elbow - humerus/radius/ulna
hip- pelvis,femur
knee- femur/tibia
ankle- tibia/fibula/ talus

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2
Q

abduction
adduction

A

abduction - away from midline of body
adduction - towards the midline of the body

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3
Q

plantar flexion
dorsi flexion

A

PF - toes move down
DF - toes move up

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4
Q

horizontal flexion
horizontal extension

A

HF - parallel to ground, away from midline of body
HE - parallel to ground, towards midline of body

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5
Q

lateral rotation

A

twisting action inwards towards the body

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6
Q

how does skeletal muscle contract

A

1- cns initiates impulse
2- received by dendrites of cell body, initiates impulse in motor neurone
3- creates action potential which carries impulse
4 - crosses synaptic cleft
5 - acetyl choline carries impulse across synaptic cleft, causing action potential in muscles
6 - if muscle exceeds specific threshold, will contract
7 - muscles contract in all or none law

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7
Q

sa node during exercise

A
  • sa node increases frequency of impulse, heart rate increases
  • sanode decreases frequency of impulse, heart rate will slow
  • sa node maintains frequency of impulse, heart rate will plateau
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8
Q

Atrioventricular node

A
  • receives impulse of av node
  • delays impulse 0.1
  • release impulse to bundle of his
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9
Q

bundle of his

A
  • septum
  • transports to purkyne fibres
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10
Q

purkyne fibres

A
  • ventricle walls
  • ventricles contract
  • force blood up and out of aorta
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11
Q

key points conduction system

A
  • sa node initiates impulse across atria
  • impulse received and delayed by av node
  • continues down bundle of his
  • impulse spread to purkyne tissue within ventricle walls
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12
Q

key points cardiac cycle

A

1 - atria systole contraction of atria
2 - lasts 0.3 seconds
3 - blood forced from atria intro ventricles through av node
4 - ventricular systole contraction of ventricles
5 - blood out ventricles through sl valves to aorta and body
6 - diastole chambers relax
7 - atria re fill with blood
8 - pressure from atria refilling causes ventricles to refill passively

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13
Q

hormonal regulation

A

controlled by sympathetic nervous system
- adrenaline and non adrenal glands, stress hormones
- increase firing rate of sa node
- increases strength of ventricular contraction
- prior to exercise
- anticipatory rise

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14
Q

neural regulation

A
  • neural receptors relay change from cardiac control centre
  • passes info via sympathetic and parasympathetic system to sa node.
  • chemo baro proprio and thermo
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15
Q

intrinsic regulation

A

during exercise
- venous return increases
- more blood enters left ventricles increases stroke volume
- temp rises

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16
Q

hip flexion

A

agonist - iliopsoas
antagonist - gluteus maximus
plane - sagital

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17
Q

hip extension

A

agonist - gluteus maximus
antagonist - iliopsoas
plane - sagital

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18
Q

hip abduction

A

agonist - gluteus medius/ minimus
antagonist - adductor longus/ magnus
plane frontal

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19
Q

hip adduction

A

agonist - adductor longus/ magnus
antagonist - gluteus maximus/ minimus
plane - frontal

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20
Q

medial rotation hip

A

agonist - gluteus medius / minus
antagonist - gluteus maximus
plane - transverse

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21
Q

lateral rotation hip

A

plane transverse
agonist - gluteus maximus
antagonist - gluteus minus/medius

22
Q

slow twitch oxidative type 1

A

sc- small motor neurone, high capillary density
f - high resistance to fatigue, aerobic capacity, low speed contraction
endurance - marathon

23
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic type 2a

A

sc- large neuron size, high glycogen store
f - contracts high force, fast speed
muscular - 800m

24
Q

fast glycolytic type 2b

A

sc - large neurone size, high phosphocreatine stores
high force, anaerobic capacity
speed - 100m

25
Q

redistribution of cardiac output ( vascular shunt mechanism) during exercise

A

1 - chemoreceptors, baro , proprio detect increase in c02, blood pressure and joint movement
2 - relay info vasomotor control centre
3 - arterioles/ precapillary sphincters near non essential organs, vasoconstrict
4 - arterioles/precapillary sphincters vasodilate near working muscles

26
Q

arterioles and pre capillary sphincters

A

a - small arteries, that deliver blood to capillaries surrounding tissue
ps - muscle at the entry of capillary

27
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood flow returning back into the heart via right atrium

28
Q

venous return key point

A

gravity and low pressure in veins

29
Q

pocket valves

A

prevent back flow

30
Q

smooth muscle valves

A

vein wall muscle vasoconstrict to push blood back

31
Q

gravity

A

areas above the heart

32
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

muscle contract and squeeze veins between muscle

33
Q

respiratory muscle pump

A

increase in pressure squeeze blood in veins back to the heart

34
Q

blood pooling

A

occurs in our lower limbs or pocket valves and it struggles to return to the heart and ultimately the brain – this can cause dizziness. An active recovery/cool down (a period of jogging & stretching) will maintain the venous return mechanisms, in particular the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump to enable a more effective recovery by maintaining blood & oxygen flow to the muscles and removing waste products.

35
Q

breathing frequency

A

volume of air inspired or expired per minute
trained - 11-12
untrained - 12-15
submaximal - 35/45
maximal - 50/60

36
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired or expired per breathe
trained - 0.5
untrained - 0.5 L
submaximal -1.5/2.5 L
maximal - 3/3.5 L

37
Q

minute ventilation

A

no. of breathes inspired/expired per minute
trained - 6/7.3 L
untrained - 5.5/6 L/MIN
submaximal - 40/50
maximal - 100/210 L/MIN

38
Q

calculations
minute ventilation
stroke volume
breathing frequency

A

Minute ventilation = frequency X tidal volume
2) Tidal volume = minute ventilation

                                   breathing frequency  3) Breathing frequency   = minute ventilation 

                                           Tidal volume
39
Q

inspiration mechanics active - at rest

A
  • Diaphragm & External Intercostal muscles contract
  • The ribs move up and out
  • The thoracic cavity volume increases
  • The air pressure in the lungs decreases,
  • Gases always travel from HIGH to LOW pressures
  • This is an active process
40
Q

expiration mechanics passive resting

A

-Diaphragm & External Intercostal muscles relax
-The ribs move down & in
-The thoracic cavity volume decreases
-The air pressure in the lungs increases,
-Gases always travel from HIGH to LOW pressures,
-This is a passive process as muscles are relaxing to allow the rib cage movements.

41
Q

inspiration mechanics active - exercise

A
  • New muscles are recruited -Sternocleidomastoid and
    pectoralis minor muscles
  • They contract alongside the diaphragm and external intercostals.
  • The ribs move up and out further than at rest
  • The thoracic cavity volumes increases more than at rest
  • The air pressure in the lungs decreases more than at rest
  • Greater volumes of air now rush into the lungs, increasing tidal volume
42
Q

expiration mechanics active - exercise

A
  • Muscles are recruited now to actively expire - internal intercostals/Rectus abdominis
  • The ribs move down and in further than at rest
  • The thoracic cavity volumes decreases more than at rest
  • The air pressure in the lungs increases more than at rest
  • Greater volumes of air now rush out of the lungs, -decreasing tidal volume
43
Q

Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream is transported through the bloodstream to the muscles/tissues in 2 ways:

A

97% attaches to haemoglobin in the red blood cell, to form oxy-haemoglobin
3% dissolves in the blood plasma

44
Q

myglobin is

A
  • An oxygen store in the muscle cell
  • Has a higher affinity (attraction) to the oxygen than haemoglobin.
  • Stores oxygen in preparation for the mitochondria to use during aerobic activity
45
Q

When the muscle respire and produce CO2, the bloodstream will need to transport this back to the lungs for removal.

A

Dissolved in water as carbonic acid (70%)
Combines with haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin (23%)
Dissolves in blood plasma (7%)

46
Q

principles of diffusion

A
  • The movement of gases occurs along a concentration/pressure gradient
    -Gases will diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure
    -Gases can diffuse across semi-permeable membrane
    -During exercise the pressure gradient steepens
    -During exercise greater volumes of gas diffuse
    -During exercise gas diffuses faster
47
Q

gaseous exchange oxygen

A

p02 high in alveolus
low in lung capillary
concentration gradient created
gases travel high to low pressure
oxygen diffuse from alveoli to lung capillary

48
Q

gaseous exchange oxygen exercise

A

p02 is high alveolar
p02 lower then at rest lung capillary
diffusion gradient is steeper
more 02 diffuses faster

49
Q

c02 at rest

A

where is PC02 high? lung capillary
pc02 low in alveolus
diffusion gradient high to low
diffusion from lung capillary to alveolus

50
Q

the bohr shift

A

occurs as a result of increased CO2 in the blood; increased blood acidity; decreased blood pH; and increased temperature. As a result, haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen at working muscles, giving up oxygen more easily. A reduction in resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

51
Q

oxygen dissociation curve

A

A term describing the unloading of O2 from Haemoglobin into the myoglobin store in the tissues/muscles.

OCR a level pe (2 decks)

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