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Pulmonology > Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

The upper airway is responsible for _______ and ________ incoming air.

A

Warming and Humidifying

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2
Q

How many liters of air are filtered, warmed, humidified, and exchanged each day

A

Approximately 10,000 liters

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3
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s plexus, where is is located, and what is it’s function.

A

It’s a rich supply of blood vessels in the lower nasal septum that warms inspired air.

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4
Q

The larynx is composed of three pairs of cartilage. Name them

A

thyroid (arytenoid)
cricoid (corniculate)
epiglottis (cuneiform)

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5
Q

The vocal cords and the space in between them are referred to as the ___________.

A

glottic opening

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6
Q

Approx how long is the treachea

A

10 cm

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7
Q

The right and left mainstem bronchi divide at this point.

A

Carina

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8
Q

The mainstem bronchi divide into the __________ (lobar) bronchi.

A

Secondary

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9
Q

The secondary bronchi divide into the __________ (segmental) bronchi.

A

Tertiary

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10
Q

The tertiary bronchi divide into the __________.

A

Bronchioles (small airways)

Approx 1 mm thick

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11
Q

After approx 22 divisions, the bronchioles become ___________.

A

Terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

The terminary bronchioles divide into the ________.

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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13
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs first begins at the level of the ______________

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

The respiratory bronchioles divide into the _______.

A

Alveolar sacs.

This is where most of the gas exchange in the lungs take place

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15
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

Decrease surface tension of the alveoli, thus keeping them open for gas exchange.

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16
Q

How many lobes are in each lung?

A

3 lobes in the right

2 lobes in the left

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17
Q

Three important processes allow gas exchange to occur

A

Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion

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18
Q

As inspiration begins, the diaphragm (contracts/expands), the intercostal muscles (contract/expand). These 2 actions result in an expansion in chest volume, which produces an (increase/decrease) in the air pressure in the chest cavity.

A

contracts
contracts
decrease

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19
Q

Inspiration is dependent on 2 things.

A

Intact chest wall

Intact pleural cavity

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20
Q

During respiration, approx ______ mL of air move in and out of the lungs. This is referred to as the _____ volume.

A

500 mL

Tidal volume

21
Q

Total lung capacity _____mL

A

6000 mL

22
Q

Anatomical dead space is approx ______ ml

A

150 mL

23
Q

Which part of the brainstem controls ventilation

A

Medulla

24
Q

Describe the hypoxic drive

A

In COPD pt, the body becomes less responsive to changes in arterial PCO2. Instead, the major stimulus to breathe comes from the level of O2 detected in arterial blood by blood receptors in the aortic arch.
Measured PCO2 levels between 50-60 mmHg are not uncommon

25
Q

Describe diffusion

A

Process by which gasses move between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

26
Q

Lung perfusion is dependent on three conditions

A

Adequate blood volume
Intact pulmonary capillaries
Efficient pumping of blood by the heart

27
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

It is the transport protein that carries oxygen in the blood

28
Q

Hemoglobin with O2 bound is ________

Hemoglobin without O2 bound is _______

A

Oxyhemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin

29
Q

What are some properties of hemoglobin

A

Made up of 4 iron containing heme molecules and a protein containing globin
O2 molecules bind to heme portion, which changes its striation allowing additional O2 molecules to bind more readily

30
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs in one of three ways. Name the three.

A

As bicarbonate ion (70%)
Bound to the globin portion of hemoglobin (23%)
Dissolved in plasma (7%)

31
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

Vent pattern with progressively increasing tidal volume, followed by a declining volume, separated by periods of apnea

32
Q

Kussmaul’s respirations

A

Deep, rapid breaths that result as a corrective measure against conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis (which produces metabolic acidosis)

33
Q

Thick green or brown sputum is characteristic in which disease

A

bronchitis

34
Q

Thin, yellow or pale, grey sputum is characteristic in which disease

A

Inflammation or an allergic reaction

35
Q

What is tactile fremitus?

A

Vibrations felt in the chest during speaking

36
Q

What is ARDS? What is affected by it?

A

Acute Resp Distress Syndrome
Affects gas exchange in the lungs. It is a form of pulmonary edema that is caused by fluid accumulation in the interstitial space within the lungs

37
Q

Which disease ultimately causes pulmonary hypertension, which in turn leads to right sided heart failure (also knows as ______)

A

Emphysema (pink puffers)

Cor pulmonale

38
Q

It is best to keep PEEP pressure at ___________

A

<10 cm/H20

39
Q

What is pulsus paradoxes?

A

A drop in blood pressure of 10 mmHg or more with inspiration

40
Q

Which disease will commonly present with chest pain, fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and a cough. Auscultation will commonly demonstrate crackles (rales) in the involved lung segment

A

Pneumonia

41
Q

What disease presents with sore throat, rhinorrhea, chills, rigors, myalgias, headache, and diarrhea.

A

SARS

42
Q

Hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to is is referred to as __________

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

43
Q

Carbon monoxide has an affinity for hemoglobin ______ to _______ times that of oxygen.

A

200 to 250 times

44
Q

A pulmonary embolism is a _________ or some other particle that gets lodged in a __________.

A

Thrombus

Pulmonary artery

45
Q

A ___________ ____________ is defined as a pneumothorax that occurs in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma

A

Spontaneous Pneumo

46
Q

Guillain-Barre

A

Caused by disfunction of nervous system. Myelin covering of nerve is damaged, causing loss of nerve impulse. Most pt will require ventilatory assistance.

47
Q

Absence of breath sounds in trauma versus medical patient

A

Pneumothorax in medical

Hemothorax in trauma

48
Q

Where do you auscultate

A

Right and Left Apex (right below clavicle)

Right and left midaxillary line (4th and 5th intercostal)

Right and left base (8th or 9th intercostal midclavicular line)

Also 6 locations on the posterior

Pulmonology (1 decks)

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