Anatomy & Physiology Part 2 Flashcards
What are the exocrine glands?
Salivary glands, Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands, Mammary glands, Lacrimal glands, Pancreas (exocrine portion), Gastric glands, Prostate gland, Liver (bile secretion), Ceruminous glands
The mnemonic used to remember the exocrine glands is: Some Silly Seals Made Little Penguins Go Play Like Champions.
Which gland is responsible for saliva production?
Salivary glands
Salivary glands are crucial for digestion and oral health.
What type of gland produces sweat?
Sweat glands
Sweat glands help regulate body temperature and excrete waste.
Fill in the blank: The _______ secretes bile.
Liver
Bile is important for the digestion and absorption of fats.
Choroid Plexus, Define?
The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels found in the brain’s ventricles. Its main function is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions the brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients, and removes waste.
What is mainly absorbed by the large intestine?
The large intestine mainly absorbs water and salts (electrolytes).
What is the axon in a nerve cell?
The axon carries electrical signals away from the neuron’s cell body.
What are the functions of bone joints?
The functions of bone joints include movement, support, flexibility, and connection.
What are the main types of bones classified by their shape?
The main types are: Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones, and Sesamoid bones.
Example: Long bones (e.g., femur), Short bones (e.g., wrist bones), Flat bones (e.g., skull), Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae), Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella).
What endocrine hormones are produced by the pancreas?
Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin.
Where in the body is bile produced?
Bile is produced in the Liver.
What are the cells that make bones?
The cells that make bones are called osteoblasts.
What is the junction between two neuron cells that allows them to pass an electrical signal called?
Synapse.
Where is bile stored?
In the Gallbladder.
What are the parts of the small intestine?
The small intestine has three main parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.
Endocrine Glands release what and to where?
Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Define Gyri/Gyrus?
The gyri of the cerebral cortex are the elevated folds that form the outer layer of the brain.
Where in the brain is vision interpreted?
Occipital Lobe.
Which bone cells regulate bone growth?
Osteoblasts regulate bone growth.
What is the liver cell called?
The liver cell is called a hepatocyte.
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Both somatic and autonomic divisions.
What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called?
The Cortex.
In which organ is the hypothalamus located?
Brain.
What shape is the thyroid gland?
Butterfly-shaped.
What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Hormones such as thyroxine.
What does thyroxine regulate?
Metabolism, growth, and development.
Where is the abductor muscle group located?
Outer Thigh.
What are ligaments?
Tough, flexible tissues that connect bones to other bones.
What do ligaments help stabilize?
Joints and support the musculoskeletal system.
What protects the eye?
A Fibrous Coating.
How many cranial nerves are there?
12.
What are the cells that remove or destroy bones called?
Osteoclasts.
Oxytocin hormone which is produced in the pituitary, targets which tissue?
Breast.
Which part of the brain is the largest?
The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum.
When does secondary ossification take place and define?
Secondary ossification takes place after birth, usually during childhood and adolescence. It is the process where cartilage turns into bone in specific areas, typically at the ends of long bones (epiphyses), allowing for bone growth and development.
Define Involuntary and Striated Cardiac muscles.
• Involuntary means it operates automatically, without conscious control.
• Striated means it has a banded appearance due to the arrangement of muscle fibres, similar to skeletal muscle.
Ossa Coxae, is located where?
Hip.
How many bones are in the spine?
33.
How many teeth do adults have?
32.
What is the function of the skeleton?
The function of the skeleton is to provide support, protection for internal organs, facilitate movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
The function of the cerebellum is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and regulate posture.
Where is Amylase produced?
Pancreas.
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Thinking, Decision Making, Behaviour.
For muscle contraction to occur, there must first be a stimulation of the muscle in the form of what impulse?
For muscle contraction to occur, there must first be a stimulation of the muscle in the form of a nerve impulse.
What is the function of CSF?
Protect the brain and spinal cord, provide cushioning, transport nutrients and waste, and maintain a stable chemical environment.
List the synovial joints.
“Happy Bears Play Chess, Silently.”
Happy = Hinge Joints, Bears = Ball-and-Socket Joints, Play = Pivot Joints, Chess = Condyloid Joints, Silently = Saddle Joints, Plane = Plane (Gliding) Joints.
What are the endocrine glands?
Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Gonads (Ovaries and Testes), Pineal Gland, Thymus.
What bone runs from the shoulder socket and joins the radius and ulna?
Humerus.
What are the layers of the stomach called?
Mucosa, submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa.
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell that transmits signals in the nervous system.
What is the cell body of a neuron?
The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles.
What is the myelin sheath?
A fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission.
What is an axon?
A long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.
Where in the brain is sound interpreted?
Temporal Lobe
What is the lowest part of the brainstem called?
Medulla
Define the Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain. It is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling voluntary movements, reasoning, and problem-solving.
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that helps the body relax and conserve energy.
What bones are located in the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and the Scapula.
What are non-essential hormones produced by the adrenal inner medulla?
The adrenal inner medulla produces hormones like adrenaline and norepinephrine, which help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply.
What carries bile from the liver and gallbladder?
Common Bile Duct.
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage.
What increases the surface area of the small intestine?
Villi/Microvilli.
Saliva is produced predominately by which glands?
Parotid glands, Submandibular glands, Sublingual glands.
How many pairs of ribs does a human have?
12 pairs (24 individual).
What are the meninges?
The meninges are the three protective layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. They help cushion and protect the central nervous system.
Dura mater (outer layer), Arachnoid mater (middle layer), Pia mater (inner layer).
What are the functions of the liver?
Metabolism, Immunity, Digestion, Detoxification
MIDD
What do ligaments connect?
Ligaments connect bones to bones
Stability
What do tendons connect?
Tendons connect muscle to bones
Movement
What is the epiglottis?
A leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food/water from entering the trachea/lungs.
List all the cranial nerves.
Cranial Nerves - 12 pairs.
“Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, AH!”
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
What does the inner medulla produce?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
(Non-essential hormones)
Help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure and energy production.
What type of muscle is the cardiac muscle?
Involuntary and striated.
List the spinal sections and quantities of vertebrae.
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4
Total of 33.
Where is the Cerebellum located?
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain stem and linked to nerve tracts.
Secondary Ossification?
Growth of bones during childhood.
What is the outer layer of the brain called?
Cerebral Cortex.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
Network of nerves that connect the Brain/Spinal Cord to the rest of the body and vice versa.
What is the central nervous system?
It consists of the brain and spinal cord and enables the receiving, processing and responding of sensory information.
What is the lowest part of the brain stem?
Medulla Oblingata
What is CSF?
Cerebrospinal Fluid.
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)?
Shock Absorber
Homeostasis
Immune Function
Nutrition
What are the cells that form new bones called?
Osteoblast.
What are the cells that dissolve old bones and damaged bone tissue called?
Osteoclasts.
Name the 4 layers of the stomach wall.
Mucosa
Submuscosa
Muscular Externa
Serosa
Name the differences between the Exocrine and Endocrine Systems.
Endocrine System - releases products directly into the bloodstream (e.g. Thyroid/Adrenal)
Exocrine System - secretes products through ducts to outside the body i.e sweat, saliva.
Which is the only organ of the body to be both Endocrine and Exocrine?
Pancreas.
What is the function of the thyroid?
Butterfly shaped gland in the neck.
Development
Growth
Metabolism
What hormone does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
Name 5 functions of the skeleton.
Support
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production
Mineral Storage
List the Exocrine Glands.
“Some silly seals make little penguins go play like champions”
Salivary
Sweat
Sebaceous
Mammary
Lacrimal
Pancreas
Gastric
Prostate
Liver
Ceruminous
What’s the difference between Ligaments and Tendons?
Ligaments connect bone to bone for support.
Tendons connect muscle to bones for movement.
Briefly describe how muscle contract.
They contract when Actin and Myosin filaments slide past each other.
Shortening muscle fibres.
Describe the role of tendons.
Transmit muscle force - Movement.
Describe role of ligaments.
Stabilise and support joints.
Name the types of muscles.
Skeletal muscle - voluntary/striated.
Cardiac muscle - involuntary/striated.
Smooth muscle - involuntary/non striated.
Trapezius - Upper Back
Cardiac - Heartwall - Myocardium/Endo/Epi
Smooth - Stomach/Intestines - Muscularis External
What type of muscle would be found in the intestines?
Smooth - involuntary/non striated.
Name the types of cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
What is cartilage and what are its cells.
Flexible connect tissue.
Chondrocytes.
What are bones classified by?
Shape.
Name the different types of bones.
Long - femur
Short - carpals/tarsals
Flat - skull/ribs
Irregular - vertebrae
Sesamoid - patella
What is the process of bone growth called?
Ossification.
Cartilage is replaced by bone tissue.
Name 3 types of bone cells.
Osteoblasts - build bones.
Osteoclast - break down bone.
Osteocytes - maintain bone tissue.
Name two functions of bone joints.
Movement.
Stability.
What are the 3 classifications of functional joints?
Immovable (sutures in skull)
Movable (intervertebral discs)
Freely movable (shoulder)
List the joints in the body.
“Fiddle my ball and socket sorely”
Fibrous (sutures/skull)
Cartilaginous(pubic)
Ball and socket(shoulder)
Angular / hinge(elbow)
Saddle(thumb)
Pivot(neck)
Briefly describe a synovial joint.
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Ligament
Free movement
Name 3 types of synovial joints.
Hinge / Angular - elbow
Ball and socket - hip
Pivot - neck
Briefly describe the difference between a long and short bone.
Long bone - longer and acts as a lever.
Short bone - (carpal) provides stability.
Name the bones of the skull.
To help remember the bones and sutures of the skull, here’s a simple mnemonic for the main bones and their corresponding sutures.
The bones that make up the skull can be remembered using the mnemonic:
“Old People From Texas Eat Spicy Tacos”
- O - Occipital bone
- P - Parietal bone
- F - Frontal bone
- T - Temporal bone
- E - Ethmoid bone
- S - Sphenoid bone
- T - Zygomatic bone (sometimes included in descriptions of skull bones)
- T - Maxilla bone
- T - Mandible bone
L
Name the sutures of the skull.
Coronal Suture(between frontal and parietal)
Sagittal Suture(between the two parietals)
Squamous Suture(between temporal and parietal)
Lambdoid Suture(between occipital and parietals)
Name the sutures of the skull.
Coronal Suture(between frontal and parietal)
Sagittal Suture(between the two parietals)
Squamous Suture(between temporal and parietal)
Lambdoid Suture(between occipital and parietals)
List facial bones.
“My mandibles chews mine very large zucchini pizzas”
Maxillary - base of nasal cavity
Mandibles- jaw
Conchae - nasal cavity
Nasal
Vomer - nasal cavity
Lacrimal - orbital cavity
Zygomatic - cheek
Palatine - back of nasal cavity
List facial bones.
“My mandible chews nine large zucchini pizzas”
Maxilla - nasal
Mandible - jaw
Conchae - nasal
Nasal
Lacrimal - orbit
Zygomatic - orbit
Palatine - back nasal
How does reflex action occur?
“Silly snakes always move”
Stimulus
Signal transmission - sensory neurons send signals to spinal cord.
Arc activation - connects interneurons .
Motor Response - trigger muscle response.
List the Endocrine glands.
HPPT PAPO
Hypothalamus
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Thyroid
Pituitary
Pineal
Adrenal
Gonads
What is a leptin?
A hormone released from fat cells - adipose tissue.
What is the function of a leptin?
Inhibits hunger.
Lining of small intestine, what makes it suited to absorption?
Villi and microvilli.Increases surface area and allows for efficient nutrient absorbtion.
What is the first part of the large intestine?
Cecum.
What do bacteria in the large intestine make?
Vitamin K and B.
Name 3 salivary glands.
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
State the function of saliva.
Saliva moistens food - carbohydrate digestion with amylase.
Name 2 exocrine secretions.
Amylase and Lipase.
Draw a diagram of the stomach.
Name 5 functions of liver.
Bile production
Detoxification of blood
Metabolism nutrients
Storage vitamins.
What’s the function of bile?
Dissolves fats in intestines.
Blood flow to liver, define.
Blood enters liver through hepatic artery and portal vein(OXYGENATED).
Exits through the hepatic veins.
List sutures of skull.
Coronal
Sagittal
Squamous
Lambdoid
Role of pancreas - Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands.
Exocrine - Produces amylase and lipase - digestive enzymes. Produced in PANCREAS
Endocrine - insulin and glucagon - regulates blood sugars.
PANCREAS
What’s does the large intestine consist of?
Appendix, colon and rectum.
What’s do amylase and lipase do?
Break down carbohydrates and fats - digestive enzymes.
What connects the liver to gallbladder?
Common bile duct.
Where in the body would you find eccrine glands?
All over the body. Palms, soles, forehead.
Produce sweat, regulate body temperature.
Name 3 types of chemical signals in body.
Autocrine
Direct signalling
Paracrine
Endocrine
