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ENT > Anatomy & physiology of nose, nasal cavity, nasal septum > Flashcards

Anatomy & physiology of nose, nasal cavity, nasal septum Flashcards

1
Q

In intra-uterine life, the nasal cavities are separated from what?

A

From the primitive buccal cavity

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2
Q

What separates the primitive buccal cavity from the nasal cavities?

A

The bucconasal membrane

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3
Q

What happens to the bucconasal membrane?

A

It breaks down

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4
Q

When does the bucconasal membrane break down?

A

During the 6th week of intrauterine life

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5
Q

What is the anatomy of external nose?

A

(A) Bony-cartilaginous skeleton, covered by (B) Soft Tissue

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6
Q

What is the composition of the bony-cartilaginous part of external nose?

A

1) The Bony part:
- Forms the upper 1/3 of external nose
- Composed of the 2 nasal bones, which are:
* Connected together by the internasal suture
* Superiorly attached to the frontal bone
* Laterally attached to the frontal process of
maxilla

2) The Cartilaginous part:
- Forms the lower 2/3 of external nose
- Composed of 2 pairs of cartilages:-
* A Pair = upper lateral cartilages
* A Pair = lower lateral cartilages

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7
Q

What is the composition of the soft tissue part of external nose?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Subcutaneous tissue
  3. Muscles, all supplied by facial nerve
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8
Q

What is function of the nasal septum?

A

Divides the nasal cavity into two separate cavities

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9
Q

What are the openings of each nasal cavity?

A

Each nasal cavity has:

  1. Nostril (anterior opening), communicating with the outside atmosphere.
  2. Choana (posterior opening), communicating with the nasopharynx.
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10
Q

What are the divisions of each nasal cavity?

A

1) Vestibule of the nose

2) Nasal cavity proper

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11
Q

What is the vestibule of the nose lined by?

A

Skin carrying short stout hairs (vibrissae)

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12
Q

What are the divisions of the nasal cavity proper?

A

1) Respiratory part:
- Occupies the lower 80% of the nasal cavity proper
- Lined by respiratory mucosa
- Function: Air conditioning

2) Olfactory part:
- Occupies the upper 20% of the nasal cavity proper
- Lined by olfactory mucosa
- Function: Smell

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13
Q

What are the walls of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Roof
  • Floor
  • Medial wall
  • Lateral wall
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14
Q

What composes the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Cribriform (hortizontal) plate of ethmoid bone

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15
Q

What composes the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate

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16
Q

What composes the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal septum

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17
Q

What composes the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Maxilla

- Ethmoid bones

18
Q

What is the nasal septum composed of?

A

Bony part and cartilaginous part

19
Q

What is the bony part of the nasal septum composed of?

A
  1. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

2. Vomer

20
Q

What is the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum composed of?

A

The nasal septal cartilage

21
Q

In which region are the three nasal turbinate bones located?

A

The lateral wall of nasal cavity

22
Q

Name the three nasal turbinates

A
  1. Superior turbinate
  2. Middle turbinate
  3. Inferior turbinate
23
Q

Describe a nasal turbinate

A

A turbinate is a bony projection (concha) coverd by thick mucous membrane made of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

24
Q

What is a meatus?

A

Space underneath each turbinate bone

25
Q

Name the three meatuses

A
  1. Superior meatus
  2. Middle meatus
  3. Inferior meatus
26
Q

What is the spheno-ethmoidal RECESS?

A

The space ABOVE the SUPERIOR turbinte bone

27
Q

What does the inferior meatus receive?

A

Opening of nasolacrimal duct

28
Q

What does the middle meatus receive?

A
  • Opening of anterior ethmoid sinus
  • Opening of middle ethmoid sinus
  • Opening of maxillary sinus

(= Receives openings of ALL sinuses EXCEPT opening of posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus)

29
Q

What does the superior meatus receive?

A

Opening of posterior ethmoid sinus

30
Q

What does the spheno-ethmoidal recess receive?

A

Opening of sphenoid sinus

31
Q

What is the arterial supply of the nose?

A

A) ICA > Opthalmic artery:

1. Anterior ethmoidal artery
2. Posterior ethmoidal artery

B) - ECA > Maxillary artery:

   1. Sphenopalatine artery (artery of epistaxis)
   2. Greater palatine artery
   3. Other nasal branches

          > Facial artery:
             1. Superior labial branch, septal branch
32
Q

Where is Little’s area?

A

On the antero-inferior part of the nasal septal cartilage

33
Q

Where is Kisselbach’s plexus?

A

At Little’s area on the antero-inferior part of the nasal septal cartilage

34
Q

What is Kisselbach’s plexus?

A

Anastomosis of arteries present at Little’s area on the antero-inferior part of the nasal septal cartilage

35
Q

What are the arteries contributing to Kisselbach’s plexus?

A 
1. Anterior ethmoidal artery
inferior 
2. Sphenopalatine artery (artery of epistaxis)
3. Greater palatine artery
4. Superior labial artery, septal branch
36
Q

What is the significance of Little’s area?

A

It is the commonest site of anterior epistaxis

37
Q

Where is the commonest site of anterior epistaxis?

A

Little’s area

38
Q

What is the significance of the venous drainage of the nose?

A

Significant role in INTRACRANIAL SPREAD of infection from the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses.

39
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the nose?

A
  1. Sub-mandibular LN
  2. Retro-pharyngeal LN

And they both ultimately drain into Upper Deep Cervical LN

40
Q

What is the nerve supply of the nose?

A
  1. Olfactory nerves (contribute to intracranial spread on infection)
  2. Trigeminal nerve
  3. Parasympathetic nerve supply
  4. Sympathetic nerve supply
41
Q

Physiological function of the nose?

A
  1. An airway for breathing
  2. Air conditioning (filtration, humidification, warming)
  3. Reflex functions, such as sneezing
  4. Olfaction

ENT (1 decks)

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