Anatomy/Physiology Brief Summary

Question 1

the kidneys sit between what vertebral levels?

Answer 1

T12 - L3

right sits slightly lower due to liver

Question 2

kidneys are retro or intra peritoneal?

Answer 2

retro

Question 3

3 layers of tissue around kidney?

Answer 3

renal fascia
adipose capsule
renal capsule = deepest layer

Question 4

main parts of the kidney?

Answer 4

medulla
- made of pyramids (including papillae and renal columns)
cortex

Question 5

what are renal papillae?

Answer 5

tips of renal pyramids

point where filtrate drains into the minor calyxes

Question 6

divisions of cortex?

Answer 6

outer cortical

inner juxtamedullary zone

Question 7

how much do kidneys filter per day?

Answer 7

150 L per day (entire blood volume 30X per day)

Question 8

how much of cardiac output do kidneys recieve?

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

blood supply to kidneys?

Answer 9

renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > afferent arteriole > gloemrulus

Question 10

what happens to blood leaving the glomeruli?

Answer 10

enters efferent arterioles which divide into peritubular capillaries
these then become veins which eventually drain into IVC

Question 11

how many nephrons in each kidney?

Answer 11

1,000,000

Question 12

parts of a nephron?

Answer 12

renal corpuscle (where blood filtration starts - glomerulus and bowmans capsule)
renal tubule

Question 13

what cells form glomerular epithelium which sits on top of basement membrane?

Answer 13

podocytes

- foot processes wrap around capillary forming filtration slits

Question 14

filtration slits of podocytes allow what to pass through?

Answer 14

water
glucose
ionic salts
(not proteins or RBCs)

Question 15

where is the juxtaglomerular complex located?

Answer 15

between distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole

Question 16

what cells are found i juxtaglomerular complex and what do they do?

Answer 16

macula densa
- in distal tubule
- sense low levels of Na and Cl (hypotension) and send signal to juxtaglomerular cells
juxtaglomerular cells
- in wall of afferent arteriole
- sense low blood pressure
- secrete renin in response to low pressure and signal from macula densa
extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 17

layers of bladder from inside to outside?

Answer 17

transitional epithelium
detrusor muscle (inner longnitudinal, circular, outer longitudinal)
fibrous outer layer

Question 18

what spinal nerves are involved in micturation?

Answer 18

S2 and S3