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HE745 Cardiorespiratory > Anatomy, Physiology, and General > Flashcards

Anatomy, Physiology, and General Flashcards

1
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A

Upper, middle, lower

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2
Q

Lobes of the left lung

A

Upper, lower, + (lingula)

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3
Q

Apex of the lungs (bilaterally)

A

2cm superior to medial 1/3 of clavicle (anterior). T1 (posterior).

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4
Q

Right horizontal/transverse fissure

A

4th costal cartilage (follows rib laterally) to oblique fissure at 6th rib

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5
Q

Left oblique fissure

A

6th costal cartilage (anterior) to T4/5 (posterior) - arms raised med border scap

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6
Q

Right oblique fissure

A

6th costal cartilage (anterior) to T4/5 (posterior) - arms raised med border scap

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7
Q

General lung surface markings

A

Anterior border rib 6, inferior border rib 8, posterior border lies at rib 10.

6, 8, 10 (pleura +2)

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8
Q

Upper lobes

A

2cm above clavicle to 4th CC (right) and 6th CC (left)

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9
Q

Position of lobes during auscultation

A

Upper lobe of the right lung = above the 4th rib.
Middle lobe of the right lung = between the 4th and the 6th rib.
Lower lobes of both lungs = below the 6th rib on the front and below T4 at back.

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10
Q

Heart Surface Anatomy

A

Superior - inferior border of the second left costal cartilage -> superior border of the third right costal cartilage.
Right - third right costal cartilage -> sixth right costal cartilage.
Inferior - sixth right costal cartilage -> fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line.
Left - fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line -> inferior border of the second left costal cartilage.

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11
Q

Signs of respiratory distress in adults

A

Tachypnoea, recession, nasal flaring, low sats, tachycardia, auscultation changes

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12
Q

ABCDE ax process

A

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure

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13
Q

ACVPU neuro obs

A

Alert? Confused? Responds to voice? Responds to pain? Unresponsive?

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14
Q

Normal SpO2

A

95-98%

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15
Q

Normal RR

A

12-16

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16
Q

Normal BP

A

<120/80mmHg

17
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low levels of O2 in tissues

18
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Low levels of O2 in the blood

19
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Too much CO2 in the blood

20
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Oxygenation failure, acute, without CO2 retention.

21
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Ventilation failure, acute/chronic, with CO2 retention.

22
Q

Which lung are you more likely to aspirate into?

A

Right lung, right bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left.

23
Q

MCSP

A

mucus, cough, SOB, pain

24
Q

Collateral ventilation systems

A

Pores of Kohn = interalveolar.
Canals of Lambert = bronchoalveolar.
Channels of Martin = interbronchiolar.

25
Q

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

A

Cilia structures on the epithelial cells beat in a synchronized manner. Hydration plays a crucial role in maintaining viscosity of mucus. Dehydration leads to thickened mucus, hindering ciliary beat frequency.

26
Q

What are the two main forms in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

A

Oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (around 98%) and dissolved in plasma (around 2%).

27
Q

Describe the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport.

A

Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, can bind to four oxygen molecules. This binding allows for efficient transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

28
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation, then returns blood to the left atrium.

29
Q

What happens to oxygen in the lungs during pulmonary circulation?

A

In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

30
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues, then returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

31
Q

How does oxygen move from the blood to the tissues in systemic circulation?

A

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin in response to lower oxygen pressure in tissues, allowing it to diffuse from capillaries into cells.

32
Q

How does partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) affect oxygen transport?

A

High PaO₂ in the lungs favors oxygen binding to hemoglobin, while lower PaO₂ in tissues favors oxygen release from hemoglobin.

33
Q

What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

hemoglobin’s want for oxygen decreases as oxygen is delivered to tissues. At 88%.

34
Q

Why is the oxygen transport system essential for cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen is a key component in cellular respiration, the process by which cells produce energy (ATP) by metabolizing glucose and other nutrients.

HE745 Cardiorespiratory (8 decks)

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