Anatomy, Physiology, and General

Question 1

Lobes of the right lung

Answer 1

Upper, middle, lower

Question 2

Lobes of the left lung

Answer 2

Upper, lower, + (lingula)

Question 3

Apex of the lungs (bilaterally)

Answer 3

2cm superior to medial 1/3 of clavicle (anterior). T1 (posterior).

Question 4

Right horizontal/transverse fissure

Answer 4

4th costal cartilage (follows rib laterally) to oblique fissure at 6th rib

Question 5

Left oblique fissure

Answer 5

6th costal cartilage (anterior) to T4/5 (posterior) - arms raised med border scap

Question 6

Right oblique fissure

Answer 6

6th costal cartilage (anterior) to T4/5 (posterior) - arms raised med border scap

Question 7

General lung surface markings

Answer 7

Anterior border rib 6, inferior border rib 8, posterior border lies at rib 10.

6, 8, 10 (pleura +2)

Question 8

Upper lobes

Answer 8

2cm above clavicle to 4th CC (right) and 6th CC (left)

Question 9

Position of lobes during auscultation

Answer 9

Upper lobe of the right lung = above the 4th rib.
Middle lobe of the right lung = between the 4th and the 6th rib.
Lower lobes of both lungs = below the 6th rib on the front and below T4 at back.

Question 10

Heart Surface Anatomy

Answer 10

Superior - inferior border of the second left costal cartilage -> superior border of the third right costal cartilage.
Right - third right costal cartilage -> sixth right costal cartilage.
Inferior - sixth right costal cartilage -> fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line.
Left - fifth left intercostal space, midclavicular line -> inferior border of the second left costal cartilage.

Question 11

Signs of respiratory distress in adults

Answer 11

Tachypnoea, recession, nasal flaring, low sats, tachycardia, auscultation changes

Question 12

ABCDE ax process

Answer 12

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure

Question 13

ACVPU neuro obs

Answer 13

Alert? Confused? Responds to voice? Responds to pain? Unresponsive?

Question 14

Normal SpO2

Answer 14

95-98%

Question 15

Normal RR

Answer 15

12-16

Question 16

Normal BP

Answer 16

<120/80mmHg

Question 17

What is hypoxia?

Answer 17

Low levels of O2 in tissues

Question 18

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 18

Low levels of O2 in the blood

Question 19

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 19

Too much CO2 in the blood

Question 20

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 20

Oxygenation failure, acute, without CO2 retention.

Question 21

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 21

Ventilation failure, acute/chronic, with CO2 retention.

Question 22

Which lung are you more likely to aspirate into?

Answer 22

Right lung, right bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left.

Question 23

MCSP

Answer 23

mucus, cough, SOB, pain

Question 24

Collateral ventilation systems

Answer 24

Pores of Kohn = interalveolar.
Canals of Lambert = bronchoalveolar.
Channels of Martin = interbronchiolar.

Question 25

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

Answer 25

Cilia structures on the epithelial cells beat in a synchronized manner. Hydration plays a crucial role in maintaining viscosity of mucus. Dehydration leads to thickened mucus, hindering ciliary beat frequency.

Question 26

What are the two main forms in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

Answer 26

Oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (around 98%) and dissolved in plasma (around 2%).

Question 27

Describe the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport.

Answer 27

Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, can bind to four oxygen molecules. This binding allows for efficient transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues.

Question 28

What is the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 28

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation, then returns blood to the left atrium.

Question 29

What happens to oxygen in the lungs during pulmonary circulation?

Answer 29

In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Question 30

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 30

carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues, then returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Question 31

How does oxygen move from the blood to the tissues in systemic circulation?

Answer 31

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin in response to lower oxygen pressure in tissues, allowing it to diffuse from capillaries into cells.

Question 32

How does partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) affect oxygen transport?

Answer 32

High PaO₂ in the lungs favors oxygen binding to hemoglobin, while lower PaO₂ in tissues favors oxygen release from hemoglobin.

Question 33

What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 33

hemoglobin’s want for oxygen decreases as oxygen is delivered to tissues. At 88%.

Question 34

Why is the oxygen transport system essential for cellular respiration?

Answer 34

Oxygen is a key component in cellular respiration, the process by which cells produce energy (ATP) by metabolizing glucose and other nutrients.