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UWorld - Respiratory > Anatomy/Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is surfactant made of?

A

Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine

&

Phosphatidylglycerol

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2
Q

What represent the lines 1 and 2 shown in the photo

A

line 1: lecithin/phosphatidylcholine

line 2:

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3
Q

What is the normal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio?

A

2:1

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4
Q

In a patient with sleep apnea, stimulation of which nerve can decrease the frequency and apneic events? Why?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Increases the diameter of the oropharyngeal airway

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5
Q

A patient has a pleural effusion 2 days after cervical lymph node removal.

What is the most likely diagnosis? Why?

A

Chylothorax

(accumulation of lymphatic fluid in lung)

Occurs due to penetration of the thoracic duct

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6
Q

If a thoracentesis is performed below the 9th rib, what structure is most at risk of being penetrated?

A

Abdominal organs

(such as the liver)

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7
Q

What should be administered to women at risk of premature delivery to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Corticosteroids

(Dexamethasone or Betamethasone)

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8
Q

The most highly oxygenated blood of the fetus can be found where?

To where does it empty?

A

Umbilical Vein –> Ductus Venosus –> IVC

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9
Q

Is aspiration more likely in the Left or Right lung? Why?

A

Right Lung

Since the right mainstem bronchus is shorter,

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10
Q

In a supine patient, to which part(s) of the lung is he most likely to aspirate into?

A

Posterior segment of Upper lobe

Superior Segment of Lower Lobe

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11
Q

In an upright patient, to which part(s) of the lung is he most likely to aspirate into?

A

Basilar Segment of Lower Lobe

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12
Q

What is Polycythemia/Erythrocytosis?

What are the 2 types?

A

It is defined as a hematocrit level above 52% in males and 48% in women

  1. Absolute Erythrocytosis: due to an icnrease in RBC mass
  2. Relative Erythrocytosis: due to decrease in plasma volume
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13
Q

What affects can a panic attack have on CO2 levels?

A

Panic attacks are often accompanied by hyperventillation leading to hypocapnia (reduced CO2)

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14
Q

The results of this graph would most likely be found in which organ? Why?

A

Lungs

The pulmonary vascular bed is unique in the sense that tissue hypoxia leads to vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What are the effects of high altitude on:

  1. Respiratory Rate
  2. PaO2
  3. PaCO2
  4. Blood pH
A
  1. Increased RR (due to low O2 levels)
  2. Low PaO2
  3. Low PaCO2 (due to hyperventilation)

4. Increased pH (respiratory alkalosis)

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16
Q

In which part of the lungs is airway resistance the highest? Lowest?

A

Highest: Medium sized bronchi

Lowest: Terminal Bronchi/alveoli

17
Q

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

  1. Presentation
  2. Effects on PaO2 and PaCO2
  3. Will it affect the alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient?
A
  1. Dyspnea, chronic fatigue, difficulty concentration, high BMI
  2. Decreased PaO2, Increased PaCO2

(due to Hypoventillation)

  1. No it will remain normal (between 4-15 mm Hg)
18
Q

What is responsible for clearing particles inhaled in:

  1. Terminal Bronchioles
  2. Respiratory Bronchioles/Alveoli
A
  1. Ciliated Epithelial Cells

(mucociliary clearance)

2.

Alveolar Macrophages

(lysosomal macrophages)

19
Q

Acute Pulmonary Embolism

  1. How is PaO2 affected?
  2. How is PaCO2 affected?
  3. How is serum pH affected?
A
  1. Decreased (due to V/Q mismatch)
  2. Decreased (due to hyperventilation)
  3. Increased
20
Q

Which part of the lung has the highest/lowest ventillation?

Which part of the lung has the highest/lowest perfusion?

Which part of the lung has the highest/lowest V/Q ratio?

A

Ventilation is highest at the base, lowest at apex

Perfusion is highest at the base, lowest at apex

V/Q ratio is highest at the apex, lowest at the base

21
Q

What the effects of aging on:

  1. Residual Volume
  2. FVC
  3. Total Lung Capacity
A
  1. Increased RV
  2. Decreased FVC

3. Unchanged TLC

22
Q

What is the normal Alveolar-arterial gradient?

(A-a gradient)

A

4-15 mm Hg

23
Q

If the Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient is very large, what is it a likely sign of?

A

Diffusion impairement

24
Q

What kind of channel is the chloride channel involved in cystic fibrosis?

A

ATP gated

25
Q

How is the majority of CO2 carried in the blood?

What enzyme is responsible for this conversion?

What ion is then exchaged for this CO2?

A

HCO3-

Carbonic Anhydrase

Chloride

26
Q

How would the serum concentrations of the following ions be altered in a patient with cystic fibrosis

  1. Sodium
  2. Chloride
A
  1. Decreased Sodium (hyponatremia)
  2. Decreased Chloride

(Patients with Cystic Fibrosis sweat out more Na and Cl than healthy indiviuduals)

27
Q

In a patient with a restrictive lung disease, does increasing your breathing rate make it harder or easier to breathe? Why?

A

Easier

Due to increased elastic resistance

28
Q

In a patient with a obstructive lung disease, does increasing your breathing rate make it harder or easier to breathe? Why?

A

Harder

Due to increased airflow resistance

UWorld - Respiratory (2 decks)

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