Anatomy/Physiology Flashcards
What is surfactant made of?
Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine
&
Phosphatidylglycerol
What represent the lines 1 and 2 shown in the photo
line 1: lecithin/phosphatidylcholine
line 2:
What is the normal lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio?
2:1
In a patient with sleep apnea, stimulation of which nerve can decrease the frequency and apneic events? Why?
Hypoglossal nerve
Increases the diameter of the oropharyngeal airway
A patient has a pleural effusion 2 days after cervical lymph node removal.
What is the most likely diagnosis? Why?
Chylothorax
(accumulation of lymphatic fluid in lung)
Occurs due to penetration of the thoracic duct
If a thoracentesis is performed below the 9th rib, what structure is most at risk of being penetrated?
Abdominal organs
(such as the liver)
What should be administered to women at risk of premature delivery to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
Corticosteroids
(Dexamethasone or Betamethasone)
The most highly oxygenated blood of the fetus can be found where?
To where does it empty?
Umbilical Vein –> Ductus Venosus –> IVC
Is aspiration more likely in the Left or Right lung? Why?
Right Lung
Since the right mainstem bronchus is shorter,
In a supine patient, to which part(s) of the lung is he most likely to aspirate into?
Posterior segment of Upper lobe
Superior Segment of Lower Lobe
In an upright patient, to which part(s) of the lung is he most likely to aspirate into?
Basilar Segment of Lower Lobe
What is Polycythemia/Erythrocytosis?
What are the 2 types?
It is defined as a hematocrit level above 52% in males and 48% in women
- Absolute Erythrocytosis: due to an icnrease in RBC mass
- Relative Erythrocytosis: due to decrease in plasma volume
What affects can a panic attack have on CO2 levels?
Panic attacks are often accompanied by hyperventillation leading to hypocapnia (reduced CO2)
The results of this graph would most likely be found in which organ? Why?
Lungs
The pulmonary vascular bed is unique in the sense that tissue hypoxia leads to vasoconstriction
What are the effects of high altitude on:
- Respiratory Rate
- PaO2
- PaCO2
- Blood pH
- Increased RR (due to low O2 levels)
- Low PaO2
- Low PaCO2 (due to hyperventilation)
4. Increased pH (respiratory alkalosis)
In which part of the lungs is airway resistance the highest? Lowest?
Highest: Medium sized bronchi
Lowest: Terminal Bronchi/alveoli
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
- Presentation
- Effects on PaO2 and PaCO2
- Will it affect the alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient?
- Dyspnea, chronic fatigue, difficulty concentration, high BMI
- Decreased PaO2, Increased PaCO2
(due to Hypoventillation)
- No it will remain normal (between 4-15 mm Hg)
What is responsible for clearing particles inhaled in:
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles/Alveoli
- Ciliated Epithelial Cells
(mucociliary clearance)
2.
Alveolar Macrophages
(lysosomal macrophages)
Acute Pulmonary Embolism
- How is PaO2 affected?
- How is PaCO2 affected?
- How is serum pH affected?
- Decreased (due to V/Q mismatch)
- Decreased (due to hyperventilation)
- Increased
Which part of the lung has the highest/lowest ventillation?
Which part of the lung has the highest/lowest perfusion?
Which part of the lung has the highest/lowest V/Q ratio?
Ventilation is highest at the base, lowest at apex
Perfusion is highest at the base, lowest at apex
V/Q ratio is highest at the apex, lowest at the base
What the effects of aging on:
- Residual Volume
- FVC
- Total Lung Capacity
- Increased RV
- Decreased FVC
3. Unchanged TLC
What is the normal Alveolar-arterial gradient?
(A-a gradient)
4-15 mm Hg
If the Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient is very large, what is it a likely sign of?
Diffusion impairement
What kind of channel is the chloride channel involved in cystic fibrosis?
ATP gated
How is the majority of CO2 carried in the blood?
What enzyme is responsible for this conversion?
What ion is then exchaged for this CO2?
HCO3-
Carbonic Anhydrase
Chloride
How would the serum concentrations of the following ions be altered in a patient with cystic fibrosis
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Decreased Sodium (hyponatremia)
- Decreased Chloride
(Patients with Cystic Fibrosis sweat out more Na and Cl than healthy indiviuduals)
In a patient with a restrictive lung disease, does increasing your breathing rate make it harder or easier to breathe? Why?
Easier
Due to increased elastic resistance
In a patient with a obstructive lung disease, does increasing your breathing rate make it harder or easier to breathe? Why?
Harder
Due to increased airflow resistance
