Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Sphenoid bone
Unpaired bone at the base of the skull that along with the temporal bones provide bony attachments for the velopharyngeal musculature
Nasal bridge
The bony structure that is located between the eyes and corresponds with the nasofrontal suture
Columella
The structure at the anterior end of the nasal septum that supports the nasal tip and is between the nostrils
Nares
Nostrils
Nasal sill
Base of nostril opening
Alae
Two curved sides of the nostril
Philtrum
The dimple that courses from the columella down to the upper lip and bordered by the philtral ridges
Vermillion
Red portion of the lip
Canthus
Corner of the eye, medial and lateral
Palbebral fissure
The anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower eyelids
Nasal Septum
Separates the nasal cavity into two halves made up of the:
Quadrangular septal cartilage
Vomer bone
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Quadrangular septal cartilage
anterior portion of nasal septum and projects anteriorly to the columella
Vomer bone
Perpendicular to the palate, fitting into a groove formed by the median palatine suture line on the nasal side of the maxilla
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Projects downward to join the vomer
Nasal turbinates (nasal conchae/singular concha)
Paired bony structures curled to create turbulent airflow. The superior (upper) and middle turbinates are part of the ethmoid bone. The inferior (lower) turbinates are the largest and an entirely separate bone.
Function= filter air, warm air and project air upward to enhance the sense of smell
Nasal meatuses (singular meatus)
Superior, middle, inferior directly under each turbinate. Openings through which air passes through nasal cavity.
Four pairs of paranasal sinuses
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid connected to the nose by a small opening called the ostium.
Parts of external ear
Pinna and external auditory canal
Pinna
Delicate cartilaginous framework of the external ear. Functions to direct sound energy into the auditory canal
Mastoid cavity
A section of the temporal bone that is porous and located just behind the ear.
Parts of Middle Ear
Housed within temporal bone Mastoid cavity Tympanic membrane Ossicles Eustachian tube
Tympanic membrane
Thin tissue that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
Transmits sound energy through the ossicles.
Ossicles
Malleus, Incus, stapes
Malleus
Attached to Tympanic membrane
Incus
Attached to both malleus and stapes
Stapes
piston to create pressure waves within the fluid filled cochlea of the inner ear
Eustachian Tube
Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
It opens and closes to provide ventilation for the middle ear and mastoid cavities and also equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and the environment
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Semicircular Canals
Cochlea
Bony spiral tube that houses the Organ of Corti
Organ of Corti
where mechanical energy is converted to electrical stimulation which is then conducted by the auditory nerves to the auditory cortex, culminating in the awareness of sound.
Inner and outer hair cells of the cochlea may be damaged by a variety of ways, leading to sensorineural hearing loss.
Semicircular canals
Help with balance
Obicularis oris
sphincter muscle around the mouth, forming much of the tissue of the lips.
It has extensive connections to muscles that converge on the mouth.
This muscle acts to shape and control the size of the mouth opening and is important for creating the lip positions and movements during speech and eating.
Buccinator
facial muscle of cheek; plays an important role in mastication, working with tongue and orbicularis oris muscle to keep food between teeth; when it is paralyzed food accumulates in the oral vestibule.
Masseter
runs from the temporal bone (that forms part of the sides and base of the skull) to the lower jaw (the mandible).
It lifts the lower jaw, to close the mouth.
The masseter is the strongest muscle in your body.
Tongue
Dorsal surface/top, ventral surface bottom
Anterior faucial pillars (palatoglossal arch) & Posterior faucial pillars (palatopharyngeal arch)
Curtain-like structures that contains muscles that assist with velopharyngeal and lingual movements.
Tonsils (Palatine tonsils)
located between anterior and posterior faucial pillars. Can be different in size
Lingual tonsils
Masses of lymphoid tissue located on the base of tongue
Deciduous teeth
The primary or first set of teeth
There are 20 deciduous teeth: 10 in the upper arch and 10 in the lower arch.
Which teeth are children with clefts of the alveolus at risk for missing?
high risk for the lateral incisor and/or the canine(cuspid) to be malformed, missing or duplicated because they are situated next to the cleft
Overjet
The horizontal relationship between the upper and lower incisors; typically measured in millimeters from the labial surface of the lower incisor to the labial surface of the upper incisor with the teeth in occlusion
Normal amount of overjet
2mm with upper incisors and lower incisors in light contact
Excessive overjet
maxillary incisors are labioverted or stick out toward the lips
Overbite
vertical overlap of the upper and lower incisors
can be measured in millimeters but is often reported as a percentage of coverage of the lower incisors by the upper incisors
Normal overbite
approximately 2mm, or about 25%;
greater amounts are called either deep overbite or deep bite
Dental occlusion
The manner in which the maxillary teeth and mandibular teeth fit together, or the bite
Normal occlusion
Class I occlusion
upper arch partially overlaps the lower arch so that the cusps of one arch fit into the fossae of the opposing arch
Alveolus (gum ridge)
Base and bony support for the teeth
Premaxilla
Triangular shaped bone bordered by the incisive sutures. The dental arch of this segment contains the upper central and lateral incisors.
Incisive Foramen
Opening through which blood vessels and nerves pass. The anatomic marker separating the primary palate from the secondary palate
Palatine Process
Forms the anterior three quarters of the maxilla. Terminates at the Transverse Palatine Suture. Behind these are the horizontal plates of the Palatine bones ending at the protrusive Posterior Nasal Spine
Median Palatine Suture line
Separates the palatine process and Horizontal plates
It is covered by Mucoperiosteum.
Palatine Raphe
visible seam-like ridge in midline running the middle of the velum (soft palate)
Palatine Torus/torus palatinus
Normal variant of hard palate structure in the area of the median suture line
can become larger with age
How many permanent teeth are there?
There are 32 permanent teeth: 16 in the upper arch and 16 in the lower arch.
In children with clefts of the alveolus, which teeth have a high risk of being malformed, missing,or duplicated
lateral incisor and/or the canine(cuspid)
Palatine aponeurosis
Attached to the posterior border of the hard palate. Consists of periosteum, fibrous connective tissue and fibers from the tensor veli palatini tendon.
It add stiffness and is an anchoring point for other velopharyngeal muscles.
Levator Veli Palatini
Takes up the middle 40% of the entire velum and are primarily responsible for velar elevation. Originates at the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, enters the velum at a 45 degree angle and interdigitates in the upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis. Contraction forces the velum to move in a superior and posterior direction.
Superior Constrictor Muscles/Superior Pharyngeal Constrictors
Responsible for medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls
Palatopharyngeus Muscles
May assist with medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls, lowering the velum, elevate the larynx or contract to provide a tighter velopharyngeal seal. Originates in the palatine aponeurosis/posterior boarder of the hard palate. Courses down within the posterior faucial pillar to the pharynx.
Palatoglossus Muscles
Antagonist to levator veli palatini, lowers the velum. Subject to damage during tonsillectomy. Originates in the palatine aponeurosis. Contained within the anterior faucial pillar and inserts into the lateral aspect of the tongue
Tensor Veli Palatini
Responsible for opening the Eustachian tubes but do not assist with velopharyngeal closure
Musculus Uvulae Muscles function
Function=additional stiffness to the nasal side of the velum during contraction, fill in the area of contact between the velum and PPW (velar eminence), and may also have an extensor affect. V shaped notch if hypoplastic or absent.
Uvula
The punching bag looking structure hanging freely from the posterior border of the velum. It contains no muscle fibers, has no function and does not contribute to velopharyngeal closure
Nasopharynx
Just posterior to nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Just posterior to the mouth
Hypopharynx
Below mouth from epiglottis to esophagus
Adenoid
Located on the pharyngeal wall just behind the velum. Can be hypertrophic but tend to atrophy with age
Eustachian tube position
Positioned horizontally and with small pharyngeal opening in infants. The width and angle of the tube increases with age.
All velopharyngeal muscles, EXCEPT the tensor veli palatine, get their motor innervation from the….
pharyngeal plexus
Pharyngeal plexus
a network of nerves along the posterior pharyngeal wall consisting of the pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and the vagus nerve (CN X)
The tensor veli palatini muscle receives motor innervation from the…
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
CN __ & CN __ innervate all the muscles that contribute to VP closure
CN IX and CN X
Sensory innervation for both the hard and soft palate is from the…
trigeminal nerve (V)
The faucial and pharyngeal areas of the oral cavity are innervated by the…
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Facial nerve (VII) and vagus (X) may also help
Velopharyngeal closure is achieved via the coordinated action of the…
tongue, velum, lateral pharyngeal walls and posterior pharyngeal wall.
Non-pneumatic activities examples
swallowing, gagging and vomiting
Non-pneumatic activities =
The velum is raised very high, lateral pharyngeal walls close tightly along their entire length and velopharyngeal closure is assisted by the tongue during closure of non-pneumatic activities.
Pneumatic activities
Utilizes positive or negative air pressure. Velopharyngeal closure occurs lower in the nasopharynx and is less ‘exaggerated’ than during non-pneumatic activities
Pneumatic activities examples
blowing, whistling, singing, and speech
Coronol pattern of VP closure
Most common. Soft palate moves posteriorly against broad area of posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW), some anterior movement of PPW, virtually no movement of lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW).
Sagittal pattern of VP closure
Least common. LPW move medially to meet behind the velum. Minimal posterior movement of the velum
Circular pattern of VP closure
Next most common. Soft palate moves posteriorly, PPW moves anteriorly and LPW moves medially.
Passavant’s Ridge
A prominence on the posterior wall of the naso-pharynx formed by contraction of the superior constrictor of the pharynx during speech or swallowing
Examples of things that can affect VP closure
Timing of velopharyngeal closure, height of closure and firmness of closure affected by the phoneme produced.
Rate of speech and fatigue can affect the height and firmness of velopharyngeal closure.
Neuromuscular integrity can affect timing of VP closure, height of closure, firmness of closure, consistency of closure
Decreased articulatory precision can affect velopharyngeal closure.
