Anatomy, Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
A semi permeable membrane that regulates the passage of substances in and out the cell
A
Cell membrane
2
Q
Opening in nucleus covered by bilayered membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
A
Nuclear envelope
3
Q
2 types of Chromosomes
A
- Autosomes 22 pairs= 44
- Sex Chromosome X and Y = 2
4
Q
Structure found within the Nucleus responsible for Ribosomal Synthesis
A
Nucleolus
5
Q
What are the function of histones?
A
It guides the coiling of the DNA (histones are protein + DNA = Chromatin
6
Q
What are the difference between Somatic and Sex Cells?
A
Somatic cells are 2n (diploid)-2 set of Chromosomes
While Sex cells are n (haploid) has 1 set (egg and sperm)
7
Q
47, XY, +21 Karyotype
A
Down Syndrome (i was down when i was 21)
8
Q
Trisomy 18
A
Edwards syndrome (si Edward batang bata ,18)
9
Q
47, XXY (+X)
A
Klinefelter syndrome (male)
10
Q
Turners Syndrome (female)
A
45 X0, X
11
Q
Super woman syndrome
A
47, XXX (Triple X Syndrome)
12
Q
-Gynecomastia (Breast)
-Micropenis
-TAURODONTISM “Bulls Teeth”
A
Klinefelters Syndrome
13
Q
Fasting Blood Sugar
A
80-120mg/dL
14
Q
Glucagon Secretion
A
Alpha Cells
15
Q
Beta Cells
A
Insulin Secretion
16
Q
How many pounds of Glucagon can store in Liver?
A
2lbs
17
Q
rRNA carries what
A
RIBOSOMES
18
Q
mRNA carries what
A
Genetic information of DNA direct end product of TRANSCRIPTION
19
Q
tRNA carries what
A
Amino Acids (during Translation)
20
Q
non membrane bound organelle which is responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A
Ribosomes
21
Q
What are proteins made of?
A
Long chain of Amino Acids
22
Q
What are amino acids made of?
A
CHON, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
23
Q
Site for protein synthesis
A
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
24
Q
Site of Steroid Synthesis (hormone like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone), Lipogenesis (fat formation), Detoxification ( of drugs, Alcohol)
A
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
25
-Bulls Eye Rash
-Hypersensitivity (Insect bites, plants, drugs(penicillin))
Erythema Multiforme
26
Maximal form of Erythema Multiforme
-Bullae Present
-Necrosis
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
27
Generalized spread of skin necrosis
- maximal form of Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
28
What are the non-insulin dependent tissue?
BRICKLE
Brain
RBC
Intestine
Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising Skeletal Muscle
29
Packages and modifies the products made by Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
30
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
31
Responsible for apoptosis
Lysosomes
32
Nuclear changes during Apoptosis
Karyolysis- dissolution
Pyknosis- nucleus shrinks and chromatin condenses
Karyorrhexis- fragmentation
33
Best irrigating solution
0-5 % - 5.25 % NaOCL (Sodium Hypochlorite)
34
Brush like border
-increases the surface area of cell for absorption
Microvilli
Ex. Epithelium of Stomach to 2/3 of Anus (Simple Columnar with Microvilli)
35
"9+2 pattern" "9+0 pattern"
Cilia
36
Made up of Axoneme
Longer than Cilia
Flagella
37
Movement of microorganism in response to a chemical stimulus
Chemotaxis
38
What initiates flagellar activity and chemotaxis?
Chemotactic Factors
39
Mitochondria of sperm located to?
Midpiece (tail part)
40
Sperm penetrates the egg cell using?
Acrosome (which has enzyme called: Hyalironidase
41
The tail of a sperm cell is made up of?
Microtubules-Axoneme
42
A cell has stop dividing in which stage of cellular division?
G0 phase/resting phase
43
What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosome pair during meiosis?
Synapsis
44
Sharing of DNA of two homologous chromosome aka Crossing Over/ Chiastmata Formation of chromosome is called what
Recombination
45
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane WITHOUT USING ATP
Passive Transport
46
Types of Passive Transport
Simple Diffusion (aka Passive Diffusion) - movement of SOLUTES, gas exchange
Facilitated Diffusion (aka Carrier Mediated- uses CARRIER PROTEINS
Osmosis- movement of SOLVENT, low to high osmotic pressure
47
Osmotic Pressure
Hypertonic- Shrinkage of cell
Hypotonic- Cell Bursting
Isotonic- same solute concentration. ex. NSS 0.9% NaCl
48
Most important protein that increases the osmotic pressure of the blood?
Albumin
49
Osmotic pressure of the Saliva in oral cavity
Hypotonic
50
Movement of molecules from low to high concentration gradient that USES ATP
Active Transport
51
Most important BUFFER of the blood plasma
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
52
Forms bridge that allows ion diffusion between cells
Gap junction
53
Attaches same cells aka "spot weld like" or Macula adherens
Desmosomes
54
Attached different cells
Hemidesmosomes
55
Zona occludens-prevent leaking the substances
Tight Junction
56
Zona adherens- prevent separation of epithelial cells
Adherens junction
57
Largest salivary gland with pyramidal shape
Stensen's duct- opens in max 2nd molar
Secretes SEROUS
PAROTID GLAND
58
Whartons duct-opens in sublingual caruncle
Greatest volume of saliva: SEROUS can have SIALOLITHS
Submandibular Gland
59
Divides the submandibular gland
Muscle that caused difficulty in taking xray in mandibular posterior region
Mylohyoid Muscle
60
Smallest Salivary gland
The only unencapsulated major salivary gland
BARTHOLINS DUCT -
RIVINU's DUCT
MUCOUS
Sublingual Gland
61
Minor salivary gland that is located in circumvallate Papillae: Serous
Glands of Von Ebner
62
Minor salivary gland that is in posterolateral border of palate
Palatine Glands
63
Basket cells or Myoepithelial cells are found in
Salivary glands
64
Best example of unicellular gland?
Means single cell, secretes mucous
Goblet cell
65
Respiratory Tract cell form
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with Goblet cells
66
Most numerous protein in the body, strength for tissue
Collagen
67
Types of Collagen
Type 1: most Abundant
Type 2: seen in hyaline cartilage (Car2lage)
Type 3: (Re3cular fibers and tissue)
Type 4: BASE(floor) ment membrane
Type 5: hair and placenta
68
Most numerous in EPIDermis
Keratin
69
Most numerous protein in enamel
Amelogenin
70
Terminal sulcus of anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the Tongue
SULCUS TERMINALIS
Circumvallate Papillae is seen
71
Blood pH (power of Hydrogen)
7.4pH
72
Stomach Acid
1-3 pH
= hydrochloric acid
73
Exocrine (head) ducts of Pancreas
Wirsung duct (major)
Duct of Santorini (minor)
74
Endocrine (tail) ducts of Pancreas
Alpha cells= glucagon
Beta Cells= Insulin
75
VITAMINS
Lipid Soluble: ADEK
WATER Soluble: BC
Water soluble are readily excreted by the body hence the Vit B and C
76
3 Stages of WOUND HEALING
1. Inflammatory
2. Proliferative
3. Remodelling
77
Monocytes outside the circulatory system, formed in BONE MARROW
Macrophages
78
Made up of chondrocytes + collagen, weakest, most numerous
Loc: End of bone forms JOINTS
NOSE
FETAL SKELETON
TRACHEA
BROCHIAL TREE
SYNCHINDROSIS
Hyaline Cartilage
79
Made up of chondrocytes +elastic fiber, Least common type
Loc: PINNA
EPIGLOTTIS
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
Elastic Cartilage
80
Strongest type of cartilage, Made up of chondrocytes + thick collagen
Loc: MENISCUS OF KNEE JOINT and TMJ
Symphisial joints
FibroCartilage
81
Spongy bone is made up of what?
Trabeculae
82
Functional unit of compact bone is also know as what
Haversian System or OSTEON
83
A cavity or depression in bone that form when Osteoclasts resorb bone
Howship's Lacunae
84
Gland that produces growth hormone
Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone (ACID)
GP A (growth hormone, prolactin Acid)
B FLAT (Base FHS, LH, ACTH, THS)
85
The most complex joint of Body
Knee Joint
Other textbook, TMJ
86
Most common torn ligament
ACL - Anterior cruciate ligament
87
Found between manubrium and gladiolus, Manubriosternal joint, or sternal angle, 2nd rib
Angle of Louis
88
Wbc, granulocyte, Releases histamine and heparin
Basophils
89
Most histamines cells
Mast cells
90
Granulocyte, Kills parasite and modulate inflammation, wbc
Eusinophils
91
First line of defense of wbc
Neutrophils
*increased Neutrophils= Acute Bacterial Infection
92
Platelet lifespan
10 days
93
Antibody that can pass to the placenta
IgG
*for only 6months
94
95
Immunoglobulin for Egg yolk, reptiles, amphibians and birds
IgY
96
97
What is the main prominent feature of duodenum?
Brunner's Gland
98
What type of lens correct the defect in focus called hyperopia?
Convex
*Hyper = far = convex
Myopia- near - concave
Astigmatism - abnormal shape
Presbyopia
99
The lacrimal gland is innervated by?
CN V1-opthalmic (smallest branch of V1)
V2-maxillary
V3-mandibular
100
splenic artery is a branch of which main artery?
Celiac
101
distal portion of the duodenum receives arterial supply from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the __
Superior Mesenteric artery
102
What bone is not found on the floor of the orbit?
Ethmoid (middle portion)
Orbital Bone: PMZ (palatine, maxillary, zygomatic)
103
104
Where is the popliteal vein located?
Posterior part of knee
105
Organ with most permeable capillaries
Liver
(Liver sinusoids)
106
The hepatic triad consists of?
Portal vein, bile duct, hepatic artery
107
Lymph from tip of tongue and mandibular incisor drains initially into?
Submental
108
The lymph from most of the dental and periodontal tissues drains in?
Submandibular
109
The pharyngeal plexus innervates the following muscles, except?
Tensor veli palatini
soft palate muscles (except TVP)
pharyngeal muscles (except Stylopharyngeus)
except TVP - cnV
except Stylopharyngeus - cnIX
110
Which are found in the left hypochondriac region?
Stomach, Liver, Pancreas
111
What is the gap that separates the condylar process from the coronoid process?
Mandibular notch
112
It is a hard tissue covered by periosteum.
Compact bone
113
The ridge that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi is the
Carina
Between T4 and T5
114
115
What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Terminal Bronchioles and Trachea
116
What is a trochanter?
Large, Rounded, roughened process
117
Deoxygenated blood from the transverse sinus drains into the?
Sigmoid sinus
Transverse sinus---Sigmoid Sinus--- IJV
118
Brachial plexus
C5-T1
119
The cricopharyngeus???
is a upper esophageal sphincter
Prevents reflux of food from esophagus to throat
prevents swallowing air at the pharyngeal end
120
Osteocytes are located in
Lacunae
121
This is associated with the secondary immune response.
IgG
122
This is associated with the first immune response.
IgM
123
This is associated with the immune response in Gastro Intestinal Track
IgA
124
This is associated with the immune response to Allergies
IgE
125
The pancreas is enveloped at its head by the what part of duodenum?
1st part
126
Which passes through the diaphragm through the esophageal opening?
Posterior and anterior vagal trunks
127
