Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Study of the structure of the body parts and the relationships to one another
What is physiology?
Study of the function of body parts, how they work to carry out life, sustaining activities.
What are the levels of organization?
(Smallest to largest)
1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) Organ system level
6) Organism level
Chemical level
Atoms, molecules, and organelles
Cellular level
Single cell
Tissue level
Group of similar cells
Organ Level
Contains two or more types of tissues
Organ system level
Organs that work closely together
Organism level
Oregon systems combined to make the whole organisms
Why is anatomy and physiology inseparable?
Function always reflects structure
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs, and provides framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones and store minerals.
Nervous system
As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon, dioxide, nutrients, waste, and etc. the heart pumps blood.
Respiratory system
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through walls of the air sack of lungs.
Digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as species.
Muscular system
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin C in the house says cutaneous
Lymphatic system
Picks of fluid leaks and returns it house white blood cells (immunity) pronounce the attack against foreign in substances within the body.
Urinary/excretory system
Eliminate nitrogenous waste from the body. Regulates water, electrolytes, and acid base balance of the blood.
Endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes, such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Reproductive system
To produce offspring. Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.
Female- estrogen
Male- Testosterone
What are the Necessary life functions?
1) maintaining boundaries
2) movement
3) responsiveness
4) digestion
5) metabolism
6) excretion
7) reproduction
8) growth
Maintaining boundaries
Separation between eternal and external environments must exist
-plasma membrane separate cells
-skin separates organism from environment
Movement
Muscular system allows movement
-of body via skeletal muscles
-of substances via cardiac muscle
(blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)
-contract activity refers to the movement at a cellular level
Responsiveness
Abilities to sense and response to stimuli
-withdraw reflect prevent injury
-Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
Digestion
Breakdown of ingested food stuff, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
-some of all catabolism (breakdown molecules) and anabolism(synthesis of molecules)
Excretion
Removal of waste from metabolism and digestion
-urea(from breakdown of proteins) carbon dioxide (from metabolism) feces (absorbed foods)
Reproduction
At a cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells or growth or repair.
-at the organismal reproduction is the production of offspring.
Growth
Increase in size of a body parts or organism.
