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Endocrine > Anatomy / Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy / Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the thyroid follicular cells derived from?

A

Endoderm

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2
Q

Where is the para follicular cells derived from?

A

4th pharyngeal pouch

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3
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

Where is the posterior pituitary derived from?

A

Neuro ectoderm

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5
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Neural crest

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7
Q

What type of cells are present in the adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin cells

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8
Q

3 type of langerhans cells in the pancrease

A

Alpha - glucagon (peripheral)
Beta - insulin (central)
Gamma - somatostatin (interspersed)

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9
Q

Basophils of the anterior pituitary

A

B - FLAT
Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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10
Q

Acidophils of the anterior pituitary

A

Acid PiG
Acidophils - PRL, GH

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11
Q

Role of somatostatin

A

Inhibits GH and TSH

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12
Q

How does growth hormone act on tissues

A

Through IGF-1 secreted by the liver

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13
Q

What conditions increase GH release ?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Exercise
Sleep
Puberty
Strss

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14
Q

What conditions decrease GH release ?

A

Somatostatin
Somatomedin (release by liver for negative feedback)
Hyperglycaemia
Ageing
Obesity

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15
Q

Where is ADH synthesised

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular neuclei in hypothalamus

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16
Q

Function of ADH and what receptors are involved

A

bLood pressure - V1
serum osmoLaLity - V2

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17
Q

What hormone decreases prolactin release

A

Dopamine
Which is why dopamine angagonists (anti psychotics) cause gynaecomastia

TSH

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18
Q

Where is dopamine synthesised

A

Ventral tangentum of hypothalamus

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19
Q

What hormone decreases prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine and TSH

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20
Q

Function of T3

A

7 B’s
Bone growth
Brain maturation
Basal metabolic rate
Blood sugar
Breaks down lipids
Beta adrenergic
Surfactant in Babies

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21
Q

Whats responsible for converting T4 to T3 in tissues

A

5- deiodinase
(5-4-3)

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22
Q

What increase thyroid binding globulin

A

Increased bound T3/T4 = inactive
Pregnancy, OCP

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23
Q

Affects of PTH

A

Increases Ca in blood
Increases Ca and PO through bone resorption
Increases Ca reabsorption from DCT
Decreases PO reabsorption from PCT
Invreases Ca and PO absorption from GI tract

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24
Q

Affect of excessive PTH on bone

A

Excessive resorption of bone = bone loss

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25
Q

Does PTH rise in response to low or high magnesium

A

Low (PTH increases Mg)

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26
Q

How does PTH and Ca change with PH?

A

Ca binds to albumin competitively with H ions. If PH high = less H so more Ca binds to albumin = low serum Ca = increased PTH

If PH low - increased H ions = less Ca binds so serum Ca increases = low PTH

27
Q

Role of calcitonin and where its produced from

A

Opposes PTH - decreases bone resorption to decrease Ca
Released from parafollicular C cells of thyroid

28
Q

What cells make glucagon

A

Alpha cells from pancreas

29
Q

Insulin independant transporters and where they are found

A

GLUT 1: brain, RBC, cornea, placenta
GLUT 2: beta islet cells, GI tract, liver, kidney
GLUT 3: brain, placenta
GLUT 5: spermatocytes, GI tract
SLGT1/ SLGT2: kidney, small intestines

(BRICK LIPS)

30
Q

Insulin dependant transporters and where they are found

A

GLUT 4: skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

31
Q

What is the function of ghrelin and where is it produced and where does it act on?

A

Produced by stomach
Increases appetite and GH release
Acts on lateral area of hypothalamus

32
Q

What is the function of leptin and where is it produced and where does it act on?

A

Satiety
Produced by adipose tissue
Acts on ventromedial area of hypothalamus

33
Q

What is the function of endocannabinoids and where does it act on?

A

Act on cannabinoid receptors of hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens
Increase appetite

34
Q

what does the recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve innervate

A

all extrinsic muscles of thyroid ecept cricothyroid

35
Q

what pharyngeal branch is the recurrent laryngeal nerve derived from

A

6th pharyngeal arch

36
Q

is the left or right recurrent laryngeal nerve more prone to injury and why

A

left as it takes a longer course around aortic arch

37
Q

what muscle is responsible for abduction of vocal cord and what nerve is it innervated by

A

cricoarytenoid muscle
recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)

38
Q

what nerve is derived from 1st pharyngeal arch

A

maxillary and mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

39
Q

what nerve is derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch

A

facial nerve

40
Q

what nerve is derived from 3rd pharyngeal arch

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

41
Q

what nerve innervates the stylopharyngeous muscle? and what pharyngeal arch is the nerve derived from?

A

glossopharyngeal (3rd arch)

42
Q

what nerve is derived from 6th pharyngeal arch

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

43
Q

what nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle

A

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

44
Q

how does calcitonin decrease Ca levels

A

decreases bone resorption of Ca

45
Q

what gene is associated with follicular thyroid cancer

A

RAS oncogene

46
Q

what thyroid cancer is associated with bone and lung mets

A

follicular thyroid cancer

47
Q

prolactinoma features

A

headache
bitemporal hemianopia
galactorrhoea
impotence
decreased libido

48
Q

prolactinoma’s are due to proliferation of what cells

A

lactotrophs

49
Q

catecholamines are released by the adrenal medulla in response to what

A

direct stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerves via Ach

50
Q

what type of receptors do oxytocin act on

A

G protein coupled receptors to stimulate uterine muscle contractions

51
Q

investigation for secondary cushings (i.e. cortisol secreting tumour)

A

high dose dexamethasone test (inability to suppress cortisol with high dose dex)

52
Q

what diabetic medication causes dilsulfiram like effects

A

1st generation sulphonyureas i.e. chlorpropamide

53
Q

structures derived from pharyngeal pouches 1-4

A

ears, tonsils, bottom to top
1 - middle ear, mastoid air cells, eustachian tube
2 - tonsils
3 - inferior parathyroid (dorsal) thyroid (ventral)
4 - superior parathyroid (dorsal) parafollicular c cells (ventral)

54
Q

what HLA antigen is associated with type 1 diabetes

A

found in 4% of peopel with T1DM
HLA-DR3

55
Q

what HLA antigen is associated with pernicious anaemia

A

HLA-DR5

56
Q

hormones that use tyrosine kinase receptors

A

(Map tyrosine receptors - Get Found IN the MAP)

GF-1
Insulin

57
Q

hormones that use intracellular receptors

A

PET CAT In TV
Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone
Cortisol, aldosterone, T3/T3, vitamin D

58
Q

hormones that use cGMP

A

BAD GraMPa
Bnp, Anp, eDrf

59
Q

hormones that use cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMPS CHuGG
FSH, LH, ACTH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, histamine, glucagon, GHRH

60
Q

where does IGF-1 enter the circulation

A

From the liver through the hepatic veins

61
Q

mechanism of action of steroids

A

bind to intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription

62
Q

treatment for hyperaldosteronism

A

spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)

63
Q

how would you identify factitious insulin administration

A

low C-peptide levels with hyperinsulinaemia

Endocrine (3 decks)

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