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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the muscles that contribute to these motions

A

A.** Cricothyroid muscle** - lengthens and tenses VFs
B.** Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle - abducts (opens) VFs
C. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle - adducts (closes) VFs; increases medial compression
D. Arytenoideus muscles**: main adductors (closes) VFs
E. Thyroarytenoid muscles: primary portion of VFs - vibrates and produces sound

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2
Q

**Thryoartenoid muscle **
a. innervated by ____
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. primary portion of VFs - vibrates and produces sound

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3
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid
a. innervated by ________
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. ADDUCTS (closes) folds + increased medial compression

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4
Q

Transcerse arytenoid
a. innervated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. ADDUCTS (closes) VFs

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5
Q

Oblique arytenoid
a. innervated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. pulls apex of arytenoids in medial direction

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6
Q

Cricothyroid
a. innervated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. lengthens + tenses VFs

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7
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid
a. innverated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. ABDUCTS (opens) VFs

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8
Q

Which muscle **ADDUCTS (closes) **the vocal folds?

A

lateral cricoarytenoid
AND
transverse arytenoid

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9
Q

Which muscle ABDUCTS (opens) the vocal folds

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the vocal folds?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. vocalis muscle
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11
Q

What are the aryepiglottic folds?

A
  • extend from tip of arytenoids to epiglottis
  • separate laryngeal vestibule from pharynx
  • preserve airway
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12
Q

What are the ventricular vocal folds

A

-“false vocal folds”
- vibrate at very low F0
- not used during normal phonation
- compress during coughing and lifting heavy items

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13
Q

What type of wave do the vocal folds perform?

A

Mucosal wave action

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14
Q

What is Reinke’s space?

A

The cover of the VFs - epithelium and superficial lamina propria

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15
Q

Purpose of sensory (afferent) nerves?

A

Sensory (afferent) nerves carry sensory info from sense organ to brain.
TOWARD THE BRAIN

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16
Q

Purpose of motor (efferent) nerves?

A

The motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
AWAY FROM BRAIN

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17
Q

The cranial nerves involved in speech production are ____

A
  • CN V (5): Trigeminal
  • CN VII (7): Facial
  • CN IX (9): Glossopharyngeal
  • CN X (10): Vagus
  • CN XII (12): Hypoglossal
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18
Q

What is CN V and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 5
  • Trigeminal
  • Sensory for face
  • Motor for jaw
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19
Q

What is CN VII and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 7
  • Facial
  • Sensory for tongue
  • Motor for face
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20
Q

What is CN VI and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 6
  • Abducens
  • Eye movement: motor
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21
Q

What is CN VIII and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 8
  • Acoustic
  • Sensory: Hearing
  • Sensory: Balance
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22
Q

What is CN IX and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 9
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Sensory: tongue
  • Sensory: pharynx
  • Motor: pharynx
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23
Q

What is CN X and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 10
  • Vagus
  • Sensory & motor: Larynx
  • Sensory & motor: respiratory
  • Sensory & motor: cardiac
  • Sensory & motor: GI systems
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24
Q

What is CN XI and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 11
  • Spinal accessory
  • Motor: shoulder
  • Motor: arm
  • Motor: throat
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25
What is **CN XII** and what does it do?
* Cranial nerve 12 * Hypoglossal * Motor: tongue movement
26
Label the diagram
* A: Epiglottis * B: Thyrohyoid ligament * C: Thyroid cartilage * D: Cricothyroid ligament * E: Cricoid cartilage * F: Hyoid bone
27
The primary function of the **suprahyoid muscles** is to
**elevate** the larynx
28
What do the **digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, sylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus** muscles do?
These are called the **suprahyoid** muscles. They **elevate** the larynx.
29
The primary function of the **infrahyoid muscles** is to
**depresss/lower** the larynx
30
What do the **thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid** muscles do?
They are called the **infrahyoid** muscles They **depress/lower** the larynx
31
What theory states that the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and eleasticity of the VFs?
**myoelastic-aeordynamic** theory
32
What is the **myoelastic-aerodynamic theory**
It states that the VFs vibrate because of **forces** and **pressure of air** and the **elasticity of the VFs**
33
What is the **Bernoulli effect**?
velocity of gas or fluid increases when it passes through a constriction, decreasing pressure of gase or fluid
34
The "sucking" motion of the vocal folds toward one another is explained by
the **Bernoulli effect**
35
What is **resonation**?
Modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies.
36
What is **resonant frequency**?
The frequency at which a cavity best vibrates and is depending on size and shape of cavity.
37
What is the action called where the nasal port is closed?
**velopharyngeal closure**
38
What is **velopharyngeal closure**?
* soft palate raised and retracted * pharyngeal muscles move inward to meet muscles of soft palate * sphincter-like action * closes nasal port
39
What muscle is embedded in the uvula and shortens the velum?
**musculus uvulae**
40
Purpose of **musculus uvulae**
shortens velum
41
42
Purpose of **levator veli palatini**
elevates velum
43
Purpose of **tensor veli palatini**?
* tenses velum * dilates Eustachian tube
44
Purpose of **palatoglossus**?
* depresses/lowers velum * elevates tongue
45
Purpose of **palatopharyngeus**?
* narrows pharyngeal cavity * lowers velum * helps elevate larynx
46
Purpose of **masseter**
* elevates mandible * most powerful muscle of mastication
47
Purpose of **temporalis**
* elevates mandible * draws madible back if protruded (retraction)
48
Purpose of **medial (internal) pterygoid**
* elevates mandible * protrudes mandible when contracted with lateral pterygoid
49
Purpose of **anterior belly of digastric**
* Depresses mandible in conjunction with posterior belly of digastric * pulls hyoid foward * aids in retraction of mandible
50
Purpose of **posterior belly of digastric**
* depresses mandible in conjunction with anterior belly of digastric * pulls hyoid back
51
Purpose of **lateral (external) pterygoid**
* depresses mandible * protrudes mandible
52
Purpose of **geniohyoid**
* depresses mandible * aids in retraction of mandible
53
Purpose of **mylohyoid**
* depresses mandible * aids in retraction of mandible
54
Part of the tongue that is the thinnest, most flexible, and plays important role in articulation
**tip**
55
Part of the tongue that is adjacent to tip, in resting pisition is part of tongue that lies just inerior to alveolar ridge
**blade**
56
Large area of tongue that lies in contact with both hard and soft palates - is most visible upon protrusion
**dorsum**
57
Very back and bottom part of tongue is called the
**root**
58
4 major parts of the tongue
1. tip 2. blade 3. dorsum 4. root
59
What muscles **shorten** the tongue?
1. superior longitudinal 2. inerior longitudinal
60
What muscle turns the **tongue tip upward**?
**Superior longitudinal **
61
What muscle pulls the tongue tip **downward**
**inferior longitudinal**
62
The **recurrent laryngeal nerve** is a branch of what nerve?
The **recurrent laryngeal nerve** is a branch of the **vagus nerve (CN X)**
63

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