Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Name the muscles that contribute to these motions
A.** Cricothyroid muscle** - lengthens and tenses VFs
B.** Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle - abducts (opens) VFs
C. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle - adducts (closes) VFs; increases medial compression
D. Arytenoideus muscles**: main adductors (closes) VFs
E. Thyroarytenoid muscles: primary portion of VFs - vibrates and produces sound
**Thryoartenoid muscle **
a. innervated by ____
b. purpose
a. CN X (10)
b. primary portion of VFs - vibrates and produces sound
Lateral cricoarytenoid
a. innervated by ________
b. purpose
a. CN X (10)
b. ADDUCTS (closes) folds + increased medial compression
Transcerse arytenoid
a. innervated by
b. purpose
a. CN X (10)
b. ADDUCTS (closes) VFs
Oblique arytenoid
a. innervated by
b. purpose
a. CN X (10)
b. pulls apex of arytenoids in medial direction
Cricothyroid
a. innervated by
b. purpose
a. CN X (10)
b. lengthens + tenses VFs
Posterior cricoarytenoid
a. innverated by
b. purpose
a. CN X (10)
b. ABDUCTS (opens) VFs
Which muscle **ADDUCTS (closes) **the vocal folds?
lateral cricoarytenoid
AND
transverse arytenoid
Which muscle ABDUCTS (opens) the vocal folds
posterior cricoarytenoid
What are the 3 layers of the vocal folds?
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- vocalis muscle
What are the aryepiglottic folds?
- extend from tip of arytenoids to epiglottis
- separate laryngeal vestibule from pharynx
- preserve airway
What are the ventricular vocal folds
-“false vocal folds”
- vibrate at very low F0
- not used during normal phonation
- compress during coughing and lifting heavy items
What type of wave do the vocal folds perform?
Mucosal wave action
What is Reinke’s space?
The cover of the VFs - epithelium and superficial lamina propria
Purpose of sensory (afferent) nerves?
Sensory (afferent) nerves carry sensory info from sense organ to brain.
TOWARD THE BRAIN
Purpose of motor (efferent) nerves?
The motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
AWAY FROM BRAIN
The cranial nerves involved in speech production are ____
- CN V (5): Trigeminal
- CN VII (7): Facial
- CN IX (9): Glossopharyngeal
- CN X (10): Vagus
- CN XII (12): Hypoglossal
What is CN V and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 5
- Trigeminal
- Sensory for face
- Motor for jaw
What is CN VII and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 7
- Facial
- Sensory for tongue
- Motor for face
What is CN VI and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 6
- Abducens
- Eye movement: motor
What is CN VIII and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 8
- Acoustic
- Sensory: Hearing
- Sensory: Balance
What is CN IX and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 9
- Glossopharyngeal
- Sensory: tongue
- Sensory: pharynx
- Motor: pharynx
What is CN X and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 10
- Vagus
- Sensory & motor: Larynx
- Sensory & motor: respiratory
- Sensory & motor: cardiac
- Sensory & motor: GI systems
What is CN XI and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 11
- Spinal accessory
- Motor: shoulder
- Motor: arm
- Motor: throat
What is CN XII and what does it do?
- Cranial nerve 12
- Hypoglossal
- Motor: tongue movement
Label the diagram
- A: Epiglottis
- B: Thyrohyoid ligament
- C: Thyroid cartilage
- D: Cricothyroid ligament
- E: Cricoid cartilage
- F: Hyoid bone
The primary function of the suprahyoid muscles is to
elevate the larynx
What do the digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, sylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus muscles do?
These are called the suprahyoid muscles.
They elevate the larynx.
The primary function of the infrahyoid muscles is to
depresss/lower the larynx
What do the thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles do?
They are called the infrahyoid muscles
They depress/lower the larynx
What theory states that the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and eleasticity of the VFs?
myoelastic-aeordynamic theory
What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
It states that the VFs vibrate because of forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VFs
What is the Bernoulli effect?
velocity of gas or fluid increases when it passes through a constriction, decreasing pressure of gase or fluid
The “sucking” motion of the vocal folds toward one another is explained by
the Bernoulli effect
What is resonation?
Modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies.
What is resonant frequency?
The frequency at which a cavity best vibrates and is depending on size and shape of cavity.
What is the action called where the nasal port is closed?
velopharyngeal closure
What is velopharyngeal closure?
- soft palate raised and retracted
- pharyngeal muscles move inward to meet muscles of soft palate
- sphincter-like action
- closes nasal port
What muscle is embedded in the uvula and shortens the velum?
musculus uvulae
Purpose of musculus uvulae
shortens velum
Purpose of levator veli palatini
elevates velum
Purpose of tensor veli palatini?
- tenses velum
- dilates Eustachian tube
Purpose of palatoglossus?
- depresses/lowers velum
- elevates tongue
Purpose of palatopharyngeus?
- narrows pharyngeal cavity
- lowers velum
- helps elevate larynx
Purpose of masseter
- elevates mandible
- most powerful muscle of mastication
Purpose of temporalis
- elevates mandible
- draws madible back if protruded (retraction)
Purpose of medial (internal) pterygoid
- elevates mandible
- protrudes mandible when contracted with lateral pterygoid
Purpose of anterior belly of digastric
- Depresses mandible in conjunction with posterior belly of digastric
- pulls hyoid foward
- aids in retraction of mandible
Purpose of posterior belly of digastric
- depresses mandible in conjunction with anterior belly of digastric
- pulls hyoid back
Purpose of lateral (external) pterygoid
- depresses mandible
- protrudes mandible
Purpose of geniohyoid
- depresses mandible
- aids in retraction of mandible
Purpose of mylohyoid
- depresses mandible
- aids in retraction of mandible
Part of the tongue that is the thinnest, most flexible, and plays important role in articulation
tip
Part of the tongue that is adjacent to tip, in resting pisition is part of tongue that lies just inerior to alveolar ridge
blade
Large area of tongue that lies in contact with both hard and soft palates - is most visible upon protrusion
dorsum
Very back and bottom part of tongue is called the
root
4 major parts of the tongue
- tip
- blade
- dorsum
- root
What muscles shorten the tongue?
- superior longitudinal
- inerior longitudinal
What muscle turns the tongue tip upward?
**Superior longitudinal **
What muscle pulls the tongue tip downward
inferior longitudinal
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of what nerve?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
