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Praxis Studying > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the muscles that contribute to these motions

A

A.** Cricothyroid muscle** - lengthens and tenses VFs
B.** Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle - abducts (opens) VFs
C. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle - adducts (closes) VFs; increases medial compression
D. Arytenoideus muscles**: main adductors (closes) VFs
E. Thyroarytenoid muscles: primary portion of VFs - vibrates and produces sound

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2
Q

**Thryoartenoid muscle **
a. innervated by ____
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. primary portion of VFs - vibrates and produces sound

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3
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid
a. innervated by ________
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. ADDUCTS (closes) folds + increased medial compression

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4
Q

Transcerse arytenoid
a. innervated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. ADDUCTS (closes) VFs

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5
Q

Oblique arytenoid
a. innervated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. pulls apex of arytenoids in medial direction

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6
Q

Cricothyroid
a. innervated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. lengthens + tenses VFs

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7
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid
a. innverated by
b. purpose

A

a. CN X (10)
b. ABDUCTS (opens) VFs

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8
Q

Which muscle **ADDUCTS (closes) **the vocal folds?

A

lateral cricoarytenoid
AND
transverse arytenoid

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9
Q

Which muscle ABDUCTS (opens) the vocal folds

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the vocal folds?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. vocalis muscle
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11
Q

What are the aryepiglottic folds?

A
  • extend from tip of arytenoids to epiglottis
  • separate laryngeal vestibule from pharynx
  • preserve airway
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12
Q

What are the ventricular vocal folds

A

-“false vocal folds”
- vibrate at very low F0
- not used during normal phonation
- compress during coughing and lifting heavy items

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13
Q

What type of wave do the vocal folds perform?

A

Mucosal wave action

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14
Q

What is Reinke’s space?

A

The cover of the VFs - epithelium and superficial lamina propria

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15
Q

Purpose of sensory (afferent) nerves?

A

Sensory (afferent) nerves carry sensory info from sense organ to brain.
TOWARD THE BRAIN

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16
Q

Purpose of motor (efferent) nerves?

A

The motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
AWAY FROM BRAIN

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17
Q

The cranial nerves involved in speech production are ____

A
  • CN V (5): Trigeminal
  • CN VII (7): Facial
  • CN IX (9): Glossopharyngeal
  • CN X (10): Vagus
  • CN XII (12): Hypoglossal
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18
Q

What is CN V and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 5
  • Trigeminal
  • Sensory for face
  • Motor for jaw
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19
Q

What is CN VII and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 7
  • Facial
  • Sensory for tongue
  • Motor for face
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20
Q

What is CN VI and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 6
  • Abducens
  • Eye movement: motor
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21
Q

What is CN VIII and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 8
  • Acoustic
  • Sensory: Hearing
  • Sensory: Balance
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22
Q

What is CN IX and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 9
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Sensory: tongue
  • Sensory: pharynx
  • Motor: pharynx
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23
Q

What is CN X and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 10
  • Vagus
  • Sensory & motor: Larynx
  • Sensory & motor: respiratory
  • Sensory & motor: cardiac
  • Sensory & motor: GI systems
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24
Q

What is CN XI and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 11
  • Spinal accessory
  • Motor: shoulder
  • Motor: arm
  • Motor: throat
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25
Q

What is CN XII and what does it do?

A
  • Cranial nerve 12
  • Hypoglossal
  • Motor: tongue movement
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26
Q

Label the diagram

A
  • A: Epiglottis
  • B: Thyrohyoid ligament
  • C: Thyroid cartilage
  • D: Cricothyroid ligament
  • E: Cricoid cartilage
  • F: Hyoid bone
27
Q

The primary function of the suprahyoid muscles is to

A

elevate the larynx

28
Q

What do the digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, sylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus muscles do?

A

These are called the suprahyoid muscles.

They elevate the larynx.

29
Q

The primary function of the infrahyoid muscles is to

A

depresss/lower the larynx

30
Q

What do the thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles do?

A

They are called the infrahyoid muscles
They depress/lower the larynx

31
Q

What theory states that the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and eleasticity of the VFs?

A

myoelastic-aeordynamic theory

32
Q

What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

A

It states that the VFs vibrate because of forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VFs

33
Q

What is the Bernoulli effect?

A

velocity of gas or fluid increases when it passes through a constriction, decreasing pressure of gase or fluid

34
Q

The “sucking” motion of the vocal folds toward one another is explained by

A

the Bernoulli effect

35
Q

What is resonation?

A

Modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies.

36
Q

What is resonant frequency?

A

The frequency at which a cavity best vibrates and is depending on size and shape of cavity.

37
Q

What is the action called where the nasal port is closed?

A

velopharyngeal closure

38
Q

What is velopharyngeal closure?

A
  • soft palate raised and retracted
  • pharyngeal muscles move inward to meet muscles of soft palate
  • sphincter-like action
  • closes nasal port
39
Q

What muscle is embedded in the uvula and shortens the velum?

A

musculus uvulae

40
Q

Purpose of musculus uvulae

A

shortens velum

41
Q
A
42
Q

Purpose of levator veli palatini

A

elevates velum

43
Q

Purpose of tensor veli palatini?

A
  • tenses velum
  • dilates Eustachian tube
44
Q

Purpose of palatoglossus?

A
  • depresses/lowers velum
  • elevates tongue
45
Q

Purpose of palatopharyngeus?

A
  • narrows pharyngeal cavity
  • lowers velum
  • helps elevate larynx
46
Q

Purpose of masseter

A
  • elevates mandible
  • most powerful muscle of mastication
47
Q

Purpose of temporalis

A
  • elevates mandible
  • draws madible back if protruded (retraction)
48
Q

Purpose of medial (internal) pterygoid

A
  • elevates mandible
  • protrudes mandible when contracted with lateral pterygoid
49
Q

Purpose of anterior belly of digastric

A
  • Depresses mandible in conjunction with posterior belly of digastric
  • pulls hyoid foward
  • aids in retraction of mandible
50
Q

Purpose of posterior belly of digastric

A
  • depresses mandible in conjunction with anterior belly of digastric
  • pulls hyoid back
51
Q

Purpose of lateral (external) pterygoid

A
  • depresses mandible
  • protrudes mandible
52
Q

Purpose of geniohyoid

A
  • depresses mandible
  • aids in retraction of mandible
53
Q

Purpose of mylohyoid

A
  • depresses mandible
  • aids in retraction of mandible
54
Q

Part of the tongue that is the thinnest, most flexible, and plays important role in articulation

A

tip

55
Q

Part of the tongue that is adjacent to tip, in resting pisition is part of tongue that lies just inerior to alveolar ridge

A

blade

56
Q

Large area of tongue that lies in contact with both hard and soft palates - is most visible upon protrusion

A

dorsum

57
Q

Very back and bottom part of tongue is called the

A

root

58
Q

4 major parts of the tongue

A
  1. tip
  2. blade
  3. dorsum
  4. root
59
Q

What muscles shorten the tongue?

A
  1. superior longitudinal
  2. inerior longitudinal
60
Q

What muscle turns the tongue tip upward?

A

**Superior longitudinal **

61
Q

What muscle pulls the tongue tip downward

A

inferior longitudinal

62
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of what nerve?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)

63
Q
A

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